World Map Showing Surface and Subsurface Distribution, and Lithologic Character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic Rocks By John H. Stewart1 Open-File Report 2007-1087 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 1 Menlo Park, Calif. U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 Revised and reprinted: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Stewart, John H., 2007, World map showing surface and subsurface distribution, and lithologic character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1087. 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Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 Sources of information ........................................................................................................ 2 Africa [AF] ....................................................................................................................... 2 Antarctica (ANT] ............................................................................................................. 9 Australia [AUS].............................................................................................................. 11 Balitica [(Europe, Britan, Ireland, Eastern European Platform, Ural Mountains) [BAL] . 13 Cadomian, Avalonian and related rocks (widely dispersed magmatic arc rocks, primarily in Europe and North America [CAD]............................................................... 18 Central Asia [CAS]......................................................................................................... 24 China and adjacent regions (CH)................................................................................... 26 Gondwana, references to regional studies of Gondwana [GON]................................... 28 India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and adjacent regions (IN)............................... 29 Laurentia (North America, Greenland, and related areas in North Atlantic) [LA].......... 31 Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and adjcent regions [MID] ........................... 38 Regional or global references [REG] ............................................................................. 40 South America [SA]....................................................................................................... 41 Siberia, including Kolyma and adjacent regions [SI]..................................................... 50 Acknowledgements:.......................................................................................................... 52 Introduction The map was prepared to outline the basic information on where Neoproterozoic rocks are present in the World, and of the lithologic character of these rocks. The information provides a better understanding of major Neoproterozoic tectonic subdivisions useful in paleogeographic and plate tectonic reconstructions. The time frame of the map is within the middle and late Neoproterozoic from approximately 870 to 540 Ma and is after widespread Mesoproterozoic Grenville-age collisional events that are considered to have formed the hypothetical supercontinent of Rodinia. Much of the time represented by the map is interpreted to be during the fragmentation of Rodinia. The recognition of Neoproterozoic rocks is commonly difficult because of limited isotopic or paloeontological dating. Thus, some rocks shown on the map could be older or younger than the age indicated. However, at the scale of the map the the problem may be minor. Enough information seems to be available to indicate the general age of the rocks. Many of the successions contain diamictite deposits considered to be glaciogenic and dated as middle or late Neoproterozoic. These deposits thus show a rough correlation of middle and late Neoproterozoic rocks of the world. The map is a Richardson map projection, except for Antarctica which is a polar projection. The map was prepared from about 650 references, shown here under “Sources of Information", used to outline distribution patterns, determine rock types, and provide information on the regional and local geologic framework of the rocks. The focus of the 1 references is on the geologic information needed to prepare the map. Other information, such as plate tectonic reconstructions or paleomagnetic studies is generally not included. The “Sources of Information” lists references alphabetically for each of 14 regions as shown below. In brackets is a code for each area. These codes provide help in locating the specific regions in the references. The areas and codes are listed below: Africa and Madagascar [AF] Antarctica (ANT] Australia [AUS] Baltica [(Europe, Britan, Ireland, Eastern European Platform, Ural Mountains) [BAL] Cadomian, Avalonian and related rocks (widely dispersed magmatic arc rocks primarily in Europe and North America [CAD] Central Asia [CAS] China and adjacent regions (CH] Gondwana, references to regional studies of Gondwana [GON] India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and adjacent regions (IN) Laurentia (North America, Greenland, and related areas in North Atlantic) [LA] Middle-East, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and adjacent regions Regional or global references [REG] South America [SA] Siberia, including Kolyma, and adjacent regions [SI] Sources of information Africa [AF] [AF] Abdelsalam, M. G., Liégeois, Jean-Paul, and Stern, R. J., 2002, The Saharan Metacraton: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 1190136. [AF] Appel, P., M., A., and Schenk, V., 1998, High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Pan-African belt of eastern Tanzania: P-T-t evidence against granulite formation by continent collision: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 16, p. 491-509. [AF] Ashwal, L. D., Hamilton, M A., Morel, Vincent P.I., and Rambeloson, Roger A., 1998, Geology, petrology and isotope geochemistry of massif-type anorthosites 2 from southwest Madagascar: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 133, p. 389-401. [AF] Attoh, Kodjopa, Dallmeyer, R.D., and Affaton, Pascal, 1997, Chronology of nappe assembly in the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogen, West Africa: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages: Precambrian Research, v. 82, p. 153-171. [AF] Ayalew, Teklewold, Bell, Keith, Moore, J. M., and Parrish, R. R., 1990, U-Pb and Rb-Sr geochronology of the Western Ethiopian Shield: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 1309-1316. [AF] Binda, P. L., 1994, Stratigraphy of Zambian Copperbelt orebodies: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 19, no. 4, p. 251-264. [AF] Black, R., Latouche, L., Liégeois, J.P., Caby, R., and Bertrand, J.M., 1994, Pan- African displaced terranes in the Tuareg shield (central Sahara): Geology, v. 22, p. 641-644. [AF] Breitkopf, J. H., 1989, Geochemical evidence for magma source heterogeneity and activity of a mantle plume during advanced rifting in the southern Damara Orogen, Namibia: Lithos, v. 23, p. 115-122. [AF] Caby, Renaud, Andreopoulos-Renaud, Uranie, and Pin, Christian, 1989, Late Proterozoic arc–continent and continent–continent collision in the pan-African trans-Saharan belt of Mali: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1136-1146. [AF] Cahen, L. 1978, Les mixtites ante-cambriennes de l’ est du Zaire: Mise au point interimaire: Musee Royal de L’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Rapport Annuel Pour L’Annee 1977 du Département de Géologie et de Minéralogie du Musée royal de l’Afrique, v. 1978, p. 47-52. [AF] Cahen, L., 1982, Geochronological correlation of the Late Precambrian sequences on and around the stable zones of Equatorial Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 18, p. 73-86. [AF] Cahen, L., Snelling, N.J., Delhal, J., and Vail, J.R., 1984, The geochronology and evolution of Africa: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 512 p. [AF] Cailteux, J., Binda, P.L., Katekesha, W.M., Kampunu, A.B., Intiomale, M.M., Kapenda, D., Kaunda, C., Ngongo, K., Tshiauka, T., and Wendorff, M., 1994, Lithostratigraphical correlation of the Neoproterozoic Roan Supergroup from Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia, in the central African copper-cobalt metallogenic province: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 19, no. 4, p. 265-278. [AF] Collins, A. S., Köner, Alfred, Fitzsimons, I. C.W., and Razakamanana, Théodore, 2003, Detrital footprint of the Mozambique ocean: U-Pb SHRIMP and Pb evaporation zircon geochronology of metasedimentary gneisses in eastern Madagascar: Tectonophysics, v. 375 nos. 1-4, p. 77-99. [AF] Dallmeyer, R.D., 1991, Exotic terranes in the central-southern Appalachian orogen and correlations with Africa, in Dallmeyer, R.D., and Léconché, J.P., eds., The west African orogens and circum-Atlantic correlatives: Berlin, Springer-Verlan, p. 335-371. [AF] Dallmeyer, R.D., and Lécorché, J.P., 1991, eds., The West African orogens and circum-Atlantic correlatives: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 405 p. [AF] Daly,