Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research Vol. 17/(2) 2009: 203-209 PHENOTYPIC STRUCTURE OF Archips podana SCOP. IN THE CENTRAL PART OF POLAND Andrej Feliksovich Safonkin 1 and Zofia Pluciennik2 1The Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Russia 119071 Moscow, Leninsky av., 33 e-mail: [email protected] 2Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture Pomologiczna 18, 96-100 Skierniewice, POLAND e-mail: [email protected] (Received June 8, 2009/Accepted October 5, 2009) ABSTRACT The phenotypic structure of the population of Archips podana in the region of the town of Skierniewice is typical for this species in the central part of Poland. Males of phenotype “A” prevail. The index of the relation in the abundance of males of pheno- type “B” to the individuals of phenotype “A” is 0.01. Forty percent of males caught by sticky traps did not copulate previously. In order to increase the catching of non- -copulative males, the knowledge of the phenotype composition of the population and the use of multi-component attractants are necessary. Key words: Tortricidae, fruit tree tortrix, phenotype, Poland INTRODUCTION larity in the existence of the popula- tion in those cases, when the neces- In 1951 T. Dobzhansky sug- sary genetic investigations are diffi- gested that there was an interconnec- cult to carry out (Shvarts, 1980). tion between the variability and Apple surface eating tortricid or quantity of the niches occupied by large fruit-tree tortrix Archips podana the individuals of one and the same Scop. is a good object for the analy- population. Further investigations in sis of population variety in different this direction have been carried out conditions of the environment. It has in phenetic science (Jablokov, 1980). 4 phenotypes of males which differ The phenetic method of studying the by location and quantity of prongs on structure of a population allows the the aedeagus: “A” – the prong is on possibility to reveal the general regu- the end, “B” – the prong is on the A. F. Safonkin and Z. Pluciennik left lateral surface, 1/3 off the end, of moths caught on a yearly basis in “AB” – 2 prongs: one is on the end pheromone traps was significant (Kos- and the other - on the left lateral sur- linska et al., 1990). As far as orchards face, “0” – prongs are absent are concerned it is not the most signifi- (Safonkin, 1987). The last pheno- cant pest. In the leaf roller species, the type is the rarest. It is met in large share of Archips podana did not exceed quantities of samples where there is a few percent (Koslinska, 1970; 1973; a sufficient amount of individuals of 1978; Pluciennik, 2001; Pluciennik et the “B” phenotype. Analysis of the al., 1998). distribution of individuals in the The task of our research was to daughter generation has shown that study the structure of the Archips males of “0” phenotype genetically podana population and the sexual correspond to males of “B” pheno- activity of males in the orchards of type, but morphologically are charac- the central part of Poland. terized by extreme non-expression of the lateral prong (Safonkin and Ku- MATERIALANDMETHODS likov, 2001). The study of the phenotypic var- Males of the large fruit-tree tortrix iety of the large fruit-tree tortrix was were gathered by sticky pheromone also carried out in the eastern part of traps in the two apple orchards near Europe (in the territory of Russia, Skierniewice (central Poland). Six Belarus, Ukraine and Estonia) (Sa- traps were hung in the experimental fonkin, 1998; Kozlov and Motorkin, orchard in the region of Skierniewice 1990; Grichanov et al., 2001; Lib- and five in the experimental orchard likas et al., 2004). In some works the in Dąbrowice (also central Poland) clinal variability was noted in the from 28 May to 31 July 2008. The ratio of the quantity of “B” pheno- sticky traps used the synthetic attrac- type individuals to “A” individuals. tant Archodor (containing cis-11- In all investigated points of the above /trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate in the mentioned territories, males of three ratio 1:1) in the pheromone dispenser phenotypes: “A”, “B”, “AB” were for Archips podana. All males caught present, but northward “A” male in the traps were examined. In order phenotypes prevailed, while south- to make a comparison, the composi- ward individuals of phenotype “B” tion is also given of a population prevailed. The quota of “AB” males from fruit orchards of the Crimea also increased from the center to the (Ukraine, 1987-1988 years) and southern territory of the distribution Brest region (Belarus, 1988) accord- of this species. Phenotypical com- ing to the investigation by Safonkin. position of the population may also In these regions males were caught in depend upon the inhabitation on sticky traps with a two-component a definite plant (Safonkin, 1987). attractant consisting of cis-11-/trans- Archips podana is very common 11-tetradecenyl acetates in the ratio pest occurring in Poland. The amount 63:37. 204 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 203-209 Phenotypic structure of Archips podana Scop. in the Poland I II III I – photo of the total form of the aedeagus with cornutuses (C), phenotype “A” (the prong on the end of aedeagus) II – photo of the aedeagus without cornutuses. The base of these cornutuses is seen (bC) III – photo of the aedeagus with cornutuses. Scale 1-200 µm; 2,3-100 µm Figure 1. Cornutuses in the aedeagus (orig) In order to determine the pheno- where ∑A and ∑B are the quantities of type of males, their abdomens were all males of this phenotype caught in put into a 7% solution of NaOH for the traps. twenty-four hours, then their abdo- mens were washed in distilled water RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and put into glycerin. The attribution of the investigated individual to one 317 males were caught into the or another phenotype was carried out pheromone traps hung in the or- under a binocular microscope MBS- chards. The ratio of males of differ- -10 in a drop of glycerin. ent phenotypes appeared to be in For many types of leafrollers in accordance with what is typical of the membranous part of the aedeagus the species for the northern territory – vesica – it is characteristic to have of its distribution (Tab. 1). 69.4% of cornutuses: fixed or falling out nee- males were of phenotype “A”, 1% of dles (Zaguljaev et al., 1978). Falling phenotype “B” and 29.6% of indi- out cornutuses is typical for the viduals belonged to phenotype “AB”. aedeagus of large fruit-tree tortrix IB/A had 0.01. The composition of the (Fig. 1 I,III). A distinctive sign that population from two registered males had copulated was the absence points was of the same type. of cornutuses in the aedeagus (Fig. 1 The phenotypic composition of II). Therefore, for each individual the the population of the large fruit-tree availability or absence of cornutuses tortrix in the Brest region of Belarus in the aedeagus was fixed. IB/A was 0.02 (Tab. 1). For the index of the clinal vari- In 5% of the cases there were ability, IB/A = ∑B/∑A was taken, noted deviations concerning the J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 203-209 205 A. F. Safonkin and Z. Pluciennik T a b l e 1 . The quota of male phenotypes of Archips podana in different parts of the area studied % of phenotypes Region, year Σ А B AB 0 Skierniewice 170 68.8 0.6 30.6 - Dąbrowice 147 70.0 1.4 28.6 - Total 317 69.4 1.0 29.6 - Brest region, 1988 70 77.0 1.4 21.4 - The Crimea, 1987-1988 205 3.4 80.5 14.1 2.0 location of the prongs on the aedeagus. lection and, accordingly, the pheno- They included prong “A” being pos- typic composition of the population itioned further from the end of the did not influence the uneven results aedeagus, the displacement of prong (Tab. 2). “B” or the appearance of a third, add- It is known that the sexual activ- itional prong or thickenings on the ity of females during the night comes ventral surface. later than that of males. So it should According to the material gathered be taken into consideration that during this study, the part of males a competition may arise between the with cornutuses, namely non- largest quantity of attracting females copulated individuals, averages out and sticky traps with a synthetic at- to about 40% (Tab. 2). In places with tractant (Smetnik and Shumakov, plenty of males, where 20 or more 1991). This causes a decrease in the individuals were caught in traps, Xav number of males caught on the traps. = 41.65±7.79 In places where there It is also known that at low popula- were less than 20 males in the traps, tion densities the availability of micro- the quantity of the non-copulated components in the pheromone in- was Xav = 37.79±29.29. Statistical creases the possibility of successfully analysis of the material showed that discovering a female (Safonkin, the average quantities do not differ (tst 1998). It is possible to assume that at = -0.31, df = 13, p = 0.76). However, in a low abundance of females the non- places where less than 20 males were copulated males first of all react to in the traps, a great uncertainty was the pheromone of females. There- noted in the results (F = 14.1, p = fore, in some traps with a synthetic 0.0097). attractant the quota of non-copulated The number of the non-copu- males was low.