The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways II.5. NORTH TEXAS HIGHWAY (SH 5) – US 82/US 87/US 287/US 385 INTRODUCTION Among the six named highways that are the subject of this study, the North Texas Highway is the only one that generally follows a single geographic feature: the Red River. The others parallel segments of other existing transportation routes (railroads, trails, or roads) that largely cut entirely new paths to support commerce and trade in areas of the state experiencing rapid growth and development. While multiple geographic and topographic features affected the paths of these other routes, none were as directly linked or closely followed just one such feature. The North Texas Highway has a northwest/southeast orientation and mostly extends along the south (Texas) side of the Red River. Near Childress, it crosses the river and continues to Amarillo, where it deviates from the river’s path and takes a more northwesterly route toward Dalhart and Texline at the New Mexico border. The existence of such a route along the waterway obviously predates the automobile era, because the river would have been a physical feature that would have impeded north– south travel. The establishment of towns at strategic river crossings would have developed first, but, over time, railroads and roads developed to connect these communities. The Texas Highway Commission designated the North Texas Highway as SH 5 at the June 1917 meeting in Mineral Wells that announced the creation of the state highway system. (See Figure 208.) Meeting minutes note that the Highway Commission referred to it as the North Texas Highway; however, no affiliated highway association is known to have existed using that name at the time. Its designation as SH 5 revealed it to be among the most important in the state, and it functioned as the northernmost of the three east–west highways that stretched across the entire state. Following the adoption of the AASHO highway numbering plan in 1926, the Texas State Highway Commission added new highway designation layers to the roadway. The segment from Texarkana to Henrietta was designated exclusively US 82; however US 370 shared the same roadway until Wichita Falls where US 82 took a more southwesterly route. The North Texas Highway continued along US 370 (later renamed as US 287) to Amarillo, but it continued northwest to Texline as US 87. As with some of the other named highways, the North Texas Highway was not included in the interstate highway system; however, many segments have been widened and improved, and it remains an important part of the state’s highway network. Evolution of Named Highways | North Texas Highway The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways This page is intentionally left blank. Evolution of Named Highways | North Texas Highway The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways Figure 208. Edited version of the “Map Showing Proposed System of State Highways,” 1917, highlighting the route of the North Texas Highway/SH 5. Source: Texas State Library and Archives, Map Collection, https://www.tsl.texas.gov/cgib in/aris/maps/maplookup.php? mapnum=6254 (accessed February 21, 2014). Evolution of Named Highways | North Texas Highway The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways Evolution of Named Highways | North Texas Highway The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways EARLY ROADS AND TRAILS: 1680–1880 Historic Context Segments of what became the North Texas Highway developed by the late Spanish Colonial period when, in 1787, José Mares, with the aid of a Comanche guide, explored a path between the vicinity of Quanah and the Wichita Falls area. This portion of his route appears to have extended along part of, or within a few miles of, the North Texas Highway. Local roads along the south side of the Red River that began to develop during Republic-era settlement of North Texas may have contributed road segments to the North Texas Highway. The portion of the 1844 Central National Road of the Republic of Texas between Sherman and Gainesville reportedly was incorporated into another portion of the North Texas Highway,1019 and is now part of US 82. Early cattle trails in West Texas included the Dodge City Trail, also called the Western Trail or the Tascosa Trail, and a section beginning 47 miles northwest of Amarillo and continuing to Dalhart became part of the North Texas Highway. Development Patterns The route running parallel to the Red River was used by stagecoach lines as early as the 1830s, when the towns of Sherman and Gainesville developed as early stagecoach stops.1020 By 1858, Colton’s New Map of the State of Texas depicted a number of settlements in the area along the future alignment of the North Texas Highway, including New Boston (labeled as “Boston”), DeKalb, Clarksville, Paris, Honey Grove, Sherman, and Gainesville.1021 Maps, however, did not depict a transportation route linking these settlements until 1874. At that time, the “Trans’l Paris” railroad connected Texarkana to Clarksville, Paris, Bonham, and Sherman. Traveling further west, the Sherman Wichita Pan Handle Railroad was completed from Sherman to Gainesville, but Gainesville marked the end of the line.1022 COUNTY ROADS AND THE GOOD ROADS MOVEMENT: 1880–1916 Historic Context From 1880 to 1916, the area along the future route of the North Texas Highway grew vigorously, thanks to construction of a railroad network that linked Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico, with proximity to major urban centers such as Texarkana, Paris, Sherman, Dallas, Fort Worth, Wichita Falls, and Amarillo. In the mid- to late 1880s, the Fort Worth and Denver Railroad was built through Vernon, Wichita Falls, and Henrietta to Decatur and Fort Worth.1023 The Fort Worth and Denver Railroad also was built across the Panhandle and on the south side of the Red River and into Fort Worth. The section of that line from Dalhart Evolution of Named Highways | North Texas Highway The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways Figure 209. Photograph of a road construction crew in Bluegrove, Clay County, ca. 1905. Advances in road building completed in subsequent years changed the physical character of roads, which became better suited to accommodate increased automobile traffic. Source: The University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, http://texashist ory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapt h16523/ (accessed April 8, 2014), crediting the Clay County Historical Society. to the vicinity of Wichita Falls roughly parallels the North Texas Highway. A generally strong economy due to ranching, farming, and development of large oil fields resulted in prosperity on a county level, greater support for the Good Roads movement, and a willingness to vote for road bonds. Paris and Texarkana, for example, were the locations of early Object Lesson Road projects, and officials in Wichita Falls corresponded with the Office of Public Roads about their interest in road improvements following a favorable bond election. The exact locations of these road building experiments/demonstrations has not been determined through research, and their fate is not known. Physical Evolution Likely impassable during wet weather and winter months, the road was probably constructed of earth, sand-clay, gravel, or a combination of materials (Figure 209). The Bureau of Public Road engineers noted that roadways in Wichita Falls in the 1910s were bituminous macadam, and sand-clay was found on Paris roadways.1024 Development Patterns By 1893, railroad lines had been constructed along much of the route that would become the North Texas Highway. The segment from Sherman to Whitesboro was part of the Texas and Pacific Railway. The MK&T connected Whitesboro to Henrietta. Moving west, Henrietta was connected to Wichita Falls, Vernon, Quanah, Memphis, Clarendon, Claude, Amarillo, Tacosa, and Texline by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway. A number of new towns emerged along the route during this era, especially in the Panhandle.1025 The Fort Worth and Denver City Railway company played a pivotal role in promoting the growth of farming along its line by developing model farms to showcase the land’s potential for settlers. These farms were the first to introduce cotton to the Panhandle region (see Figure 210), and they also advocated growing winter wheat as cattle feed. The railroad company provided loans and Evolution of Named Highways | North Texas Highway The Development of Highways in Texas: A Historic Context of the Bankhead Highway and Other Historic Named Highways Figure 210. Photograph showing shipments of cotton traveling from the gin to the railroad, Petrolia, Clay County [dated 1935 (sic)]. A good road network was vital for agriculturalists to take goods and livestock to railroads and new market centers. Source: The University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark: /67531/metapth17059/ (accessed April 8, 2014), crediting the Clay County Historical Society. financial incentives that supported growth and development, and a number of speculative land developers along the line also held interest in the railroad.1026 The town of Wichita Falls, for example, was founded immediately after the arrival of the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway in 1883, and soon thereafter included a mill and lumber yard.1027 Amarillo also was founded immediately after the rail line arrived in 1887, and the town quickly grew as a center for stock yards holding livestock to be transported via the railroad.1028 In 1911, oil was discovered at the Electra Oilfield, just west of Wichita Falls along the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway line.