Rangeland Rehydration Manual 2 Manualby Ken Tinley & Hugh Pringle Rangeland Rehydration 1 Field Guide 1 a. b. c. Frontispiece: Geomorphic succession - breakaway land surface replacement sequences (similar at all scales). (a) Laterite breakaway of ‘old plateau’ sandplain surface (Kalli LS) supporting wattle woodlands of wanyu and mulga. (b) Small breakaway of erosion headcut in the duplex soil of a footslope. (c) Micro breakaway of topsoil the same height as the camera lens-cap. In each example the upper oldest land surface is eroding back and contracting. Newest land surface is the lower pediment in (a), and the exposed subsoils in (b) and (c). 2 3 Rangeland Rehydration 2: Manual by Ken Tinley & Hugh Pringle 3 Rangeland Rehydration: Manual First Printed: December 2013 Second Printing (with corrections): March 2014 Initially prepared by Red House Creations www.redhousecreations.com.au and Durack Institute of Technology www.durack.edu.au Final document by Printline Graphics Fremantle WA Project Development Co-ordinator Bill Currans Rangelands NRM www.rangelandswa.com.au Digital or hardcopies of these two handbooks can be ordered from Printline in Fremantle, Western Australia 6160. Phone: (08) 9335 3954 | email: [email protected] | web: www.printline.com.au Ken Tinley - [email protected] Hugh Pringle - [email protected] Disclaimer: The findings and field evidence from across the rangelands, statements, views, and suggestions in this Field Guide are those of the authors, or others referred to, and may not accord with any officially held views or political positions. Photos and illustrations, except where otherwise acknowledged, are by Ken Tinley. Cover photo by Janine Tinley. EMU logo by Lynne Tinley. © EMUTM This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of Dr Ken Tinley and Dr Hugh Pringle (Ecosystem Management Understanding (EMU)TM, 2011). 4 5 Dedication This manual is dedicated to Karen ‘Kaz’ Collins (nee Johnson). Kaz was a passionate landscape ecologist and an enthusiastic supporter of the EMU/ESRM process. She worked for many years in the rangelands of other parts of Australia before moving west to work in ESRM where she was instrumental to the success of that project. Her infectious enthusiasm and disarming smile won over all who met her. The Murchison/Gascoyne region of Western Australia and the broader Australian rangelands lost a patriot of sustainable landscape management when Kaz passed away recently. This manual is a tribute to her passion and the arid country that she loved. 5 Contents Preface 8 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 11 [A] Appreciating What Pastoralists Have to Deal With 13 (1) Stewardship of the Rangelands 13 (2) Conversation with a Pastoralist 15 [B] The EMU Approach 19 (1) Origin and Development of EMU 19 (2) Synoptic Ecology by means of Salient Factor Analysis 19 (3) How to Run the EMU Exercise 24 (4) The Mapping Exercise: Premise of the Graphic Approach 26 (5) The Indispensable Air Perspective 30 (6) Drainage/Fluvial Ecosystem Units and Sub-units 30 (7) Indicative Monitoring 32 (8) Preparedness for Adaptive Management 32 [C] Key Landscape Features and Processes 35 (1) Catena Series 35 (a) Landsystems 35 (b) Soils 38 (c) Soil Moisture Balance 39 Summary 40 6 7 Contents (2) Drainage Dynamics 41 (a) Base-levels 41 (b) Erosion and Gravity Slumps 42 (c) Channel Necks and Tributary Junctions 42 (d) Floodplains 43 (e) Local Valley-side Tributaries 43 (f) Ponding/Run-on Surfaces 44 (g) Stream Capture 45 (3) Soft Coast Dynamics: Dunes, Deltas, Estuaries and Wetlands 49 (a) Coast Buffer Zone 49 (b) Dune Type Features on WA Rangeland Coasts 50 (b) Specific Guidelines 51 (4) Ecological Succession: Cascading Effects 52 (a) Erosion 52 (b) Overgrazing/Overbrowsing 54 (c) Fire 55 (d) Berry-bird Mediated Thickets 66 (5) Ecojunction Benchmark Paddocks 70 [D] Landscape Repair 72 [E] Ecology in the Round 74 [F] References and Background Reading 75 [G] Appendix 1: Definitions and Explanations 87 7 Preface This manual is for extension facilitators and is a complement to the Field Guide for landholders (pastoralists in particular). Facilitation of field-based management skills is a hands-on exchange of knowledge and know-how between the visiting facilitator and resident pastoralist. By means of the participatory EMUTM (Ecosystem Management Understanding) approach a reciprocal learning process occurs focused around a baseline mapping exercise in which the landholders (often husband and wife) draw their local knowledge on map overlays in answer to some 15 questions (Table 1). The mapping is a simple yet profound process. It is the graphic means of organizing pastoralists’ local knowledge in relation to the landscape patterns, processes and linkages. This visually emphasizes present stage or condition, identifies where they want to go, forms the basis for keeping track of change, and with ongoing monitoring, tracks progress towards their management goals. Most importantly it forms the template to experiment, learn and adapt. As the composite of map overlays is a graphic expression of their local knowledge, the process becomes owned by the participants. EMU facilitators do not teach or lecture but rather demonstrate and expose participants to other ways of seeing and doing things in a holistic integrated way in landscapes that are continually changing. They promote thinking and practising of creative management based on an expanding ecological awareness and knowledge. EMU facilitators learn from pastoralists and improve their capacity in a positive feedback loop of reciprocal learning. An initial doubt in anyone starting out in the field of facilitation with people who live and work on the land is that ‘I don’t know enough’. A basis to gaining confidence is the acceptance that nobody knows everything, but that there is the need to know the key elements of the subject and build on these. In the rehydration component of ecology the key is ‘knowing where to tap’ (Box 1). The targets of extension are the pastoralists and pastoralism together with land health and biodiversity conservation. The EMU approach has been tried and tested over 12 years in a variety of rangeland communities, including Aboriginal owned stations, in Western Australia and Northern Territory, and more recently in South Australia and Namibia. It is important to remember that pastoralists generally have a profound distrust of government agendas and policies that for them are generally disabling rather than enabling. Hence all the station information and local knowledge mapped by the pastoralist and partner remains the property of the present or subsequent lease holders, i.e. the map recorded information belongs to the particular station. The training of facilitators will comprise of a weeks field induction or alignment course on a station covering subjects such as landscape ecology, pastoral management, and how to run station workshops. The latter requires an understanding or an appreciation of human behaviour and adult learning processes to discover how to interact to motivate participants toward creative and practical outcomes (Ison & Russell 2000; Sonnekus & Breytenbach 2000). Alignment between participants in any process allows for effective and sustainable utilisation of resources – particularly when they come from different cultures (Sonnekus & Breytenbach 2000). The indoor alignment phase (mapping knowledge on clear overlays) is followed by on-station experiential learning; exploring together with field ecologists and pastoralists how to read the signs of the land and their meaning, both from ground and aerial perspectives. Subjects covered would include: introduction to the station ecosystem framework by means of overlay mapping, soil and vegetation types, landsystems, succession and indicators of condition and trend in a drainage unit context. In this manual we have created a reference of factual, conceptual and philosophical information as well as a broad ecological background for facilitators to use together with their own knowledge and ongoing experiences. 8 9 As the EMU approach is innovative and multidisciplinary and deals with different peoples and cultures, it has to be adaptable to fit different circumstances. Good EMU facilitators have to be “all rounders” to understand the basics of many disciplines related to community based Rangelands Natural Resource Management (NRM) and team players to access additional expertise as required. The most effective means of spreading ecological literacy across the rangelands is by means of the Pyramid System of learning where one facilitator trains say 6 pastoralists from several adjacent districts. When proficient, those individuals who turn out as best facilitator material then each train 6 more pastoralists in their own district and so on. The most effective interactive knowledge transfer is pastoralist to pastoralist. This leaves the original facilitators free to move further afield and develop the same process, and in addition to be available for running refresher courses. It is important to remember that though ecosystems are extraordinarily complex, the first and ultimate orchestrator of vegetation patterns, forms, successional processes and land health is the movement of moisture in a landscape. This needs to be understood in the context of drainage process units. Soil moisture is the driver of almost everything in rangelands. Well