臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 本出版品係由財團法人臺灣民主基金會負責出版。臺灣民主基金會是 一個獨立、非營利的機構，其宗旨在促進臺灣以及全球民主、人權的 研究與發展。臺灣民主基金會成立於二○○三年，是亞洲第一個國家 級民主基金會，未來基金會志在與其他民主國家合作，促進全球新一 波的民主化。 This is a publication of the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD). The TFD is an independent, non-profit foundation dedicated to the study and promotion of democracy and human rights in Taiwan and abroad. Founded in 2003, the TFD is the first democracy assistance foundation established in Asia. The Foundation is committed to the vision of working together with other democracies, to advance a new wave of democratization worldwide. 本報告由臺灣民主基金會負責出版，報告內容不代表本會意見。 版權所有，非經本會事先書面同意，不得翻印、轉載及翻譯。 This report has been published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy. Statements of fact or opinion appearing in this report do not imply endorsement by the publisher. All rights reserved. No portion of the contents may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the publisher. 臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 《China Human Rights Report 2020》 Contents Foreword.................................................................................................... i Preface........................................................................................................ 1 Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World...................................................................................... 23 Political Rights ........................................................................................ 59 Human Rights in the Chinese Administration of Justice ........................ 89 Social Rights .......................................................................................... 131 Economic and Environmental Rights .................................................... 163 Religious and Ethnic Minority Rights.................................................... 189 Gender Rights ........................................................................................ 225 Taiwan-related Human Rights .............................................................. 267 Scientific and Technological Rights....................................................... 303 Human Rights in Hong Kong and Macau.............................................. 337 Foreword i Foreword With the guidance and assistance of our Chairman, Board of Trustees, and Supervisory Board, as well as scholars and experts, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD) has published the annual China Human Rights Report since 2004. It is the first multi-dimensional report in Taiwan dedicated to human rights in China. During the past 16 years, the scope of the report has been broadened according to the changes in China’s human rights conditions. A general framework has been developed for the consistency of analysis that allows comparison across time. This report has its intrinsic value as a source of information for people and organizations at home and abroad. It is also expected to draw further international attention to the gradual deterioration of Chinese human rights conditions and to strengthen international public opinion calling on the Chinese government to improve its human rights record. Human rights issues are multi-dimensional and dynamic, as set forth in the International Bill of Rights, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of the United Nations and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The China Human Rights Report 2020 uses these core international human rights standards as benchmarks for its discussion of actual events and cases in China, which form the empirical basis for this report. The ten areas of the observation include Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World, Social Rights, Political Rights, Human Rights in the Chinese Administration of Justice, Economic and Environmental Rights, Religious and Ethnic Minority Rights, Taiwan-related Human Rights, Gender Rights, Scientific and Technological Rights, and Human Rights in Hong Kong and Macao. Therefore, this report is intended to present a comprehensive picture of human rights development in China from a perspective that is consistent over time. © 2021 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy ii China Human Rights Report 2020 The project team for the China Human Rights Report 2020 was led by Professor Liwen Tung. The authors of each chapter produced daily log collections and monthly reports on the basis of relevant public information available in China, Chinese government statements and decrees, and media reports from Taiwan and abroad. Through mutual discussions and exchanges of views at bi-monthly meetings, expert meetings, and external reviews, the authors updated their chapters to ensure the quality of the articles for publication. Under Professor Tung’s leadership, the team of scholars and their assistants have contributed considerable efforts. Apart from regular annual analyses, the China Human Rights Report provides commentary on key events of the year. In 2020, these included the use of the Covid-19 pandemic to restrict people’s freedom of movement, the introduction of the Hong Kong National Security Law, and the controversial developments in the Xinjiang re-education camps involving the transformation of ethnic identity. These developments indicated that Beijing has been comprehensively and systematically infringing on human rights areas across the board. The TFD hopes that this report will bring positive change through increasing awareness and understanding of current human rights conditions in China, thereby strengthening voices, both home and abroad, calling for improvements of these conditions and expressing concern for human rights activists in China. Yu-Lin Huang President Taiwan Foundation for Democracy March 23rd, 2021 © 2021 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy Preface 1 Preface ∗ Li-wen Tung 1 The China Human Rights Report, published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD), follows the contents laid out in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and uses these two covenants as the norms and standards for observing and monitoring human rights in China. This year’s report has ten parts, including chapters on the human rights dialogue and confrontation between China and the world, social rights, political rights, judicial rights, economic and environmental rights, religious and ethnic minority rights, science and technology rights, gender rights, human rights related to Taiwan/Taiwanese, and the human rights in Hong Kong and Macau. The focus of this year’s human rights report centers on three dimensions: (1) What is the position and belief of the Chinese government toward the protection of human rights? (2) What specific actions the Chinese government has taken with regard to human rights development? (3) Which particular cases have affected the development of human rights in China? Information and data collection began from January to the end of November 2020. In the process of collecting this information, which consist of published reports from overseas and Chinese official media sources, the report has strived to be objective and balanced. The Covid-19 pandemic first broke out in China at the beginning of 2020 and then spread to the rest of the world, causing immense damage that has not yet ceased. We can say that due to the outbreak of this once-in-a-century pandemic, China’s human rights violations, especially in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, have * Professor, Department of Public Security, Central Police University. E-mail: [email protected]. edu.tw. © 2021 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 2 China Human Rights Report 2020 reached unprecedented levels. Yet the CCP remains committed to justifying and legitimizing its suppression of human rights, including manufacturing lies about its coronavirus response. In all human rights domains, China has not only approved numerous new policies and regulations that restrict and infringe on people’s rights, but it has also caused many new human rights persecution cases to emerge which are both disheartening and shocking. Even more serious is the fact that the CCP utilizes the entire resources of the government to tout to the international community that China’s human rights situation has significantly improved and create the illusion that the Chinese people fully accept the government’s leadership through disinformation methods. The following sections provide short summaries of this year’s monitoring reports for the different domains: 1. Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World: A Year of Action in Which Liberal Democracies Joined Forces to Counter China Compared to last year (2019), the year 2020 was a year of action in which liberal democracies joined forces to counter China. By and large, amid concerns over human rights abuses in China, the international community successively focused its attention on the following five major events: “China’s deliberate cover-up of the Covid-19 outbreak,” “how a free and democratic Taiwan achieved success in battling the pandemic,” “China’s use of wolf warrior diplomacy threatens the global regime of freedom, democracy, and human rights,” the aftermath of “Hong Kong’s National Security Law,” and the ongoing saga of “Xinjiang re-education (internment) camps.” The Covid-19