Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 005. Schizophrenic Communication: Art Therapy and Language Production Karen R. Karpick Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF VISUAL ARTS AND DANCE SCHIZOPHRENIC COMMUNICATION: ART THERAPY AND LANGUAGE PRODUCTION By KAREN R. KARPICK A Thesis submitted to the Department of Art Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2005. The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Karen Karpick defended on June 27, 2005. _____________________________________ Penelope Orr Professor Directing Thesis _____________________________________ Marcia Rosal Committee Member _____________________________________ David Gussak Committee Member Approved: _______________________________________________________________ Marcia Rosal, Chair, Art Education Department _______________________________________________________________ Sally McRorie, Dean, School of Visual Arts and Dance The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance with the completion of this manuscript: Dr. Penelope Orr, Dr. Marcia Rosal, and Dr. David Gussak. In addition, I would like to thank the following individuals for their kind support throughout this endeavor: Shae Hughes-Brand, Psychological and Family Consultants, Inc., and Dr. Martin Bohn. A special thanks to the Statistical Consulting Center at Florida State University for assistance with statistical measures and helpful advice for future studies; however, any errors of fact or interpretation remain the sole responsibility of the author. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................... viii Abstract .......................................................................................... x 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study...................................................................... 1 Justification for the Study ............................................................... 2 Research Question ........................................................................ 3 Definition of Terms ......................................................................... 3 Brief Overview of the Study............................................................ 7 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................................................... 9 Search Techniques ........................................................................ 9 History of Schizophrenia ................................................................ 10 History of Schizophreniform ........................................................... 11 Visual Imagery in Schizophrenia and Schizophreniform ................ 12 Schizophrenic Disorders and Therapy ........................................... 14 Language Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia ...................................... 14 Nonverbal Communication ............................................................. 15 Art Therapy ................................................................................... 16 Art Therapy and Mental Illness....................................................... 17 Art Therapy and Symbolism ........................................................... 18 The Use of Symbols....................................................................... 19 Limitations .................................................................................... 20 3. METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 23 Description of Design ..................................................................... 24 Description of Sample .................................................................... 24 Description of Instruments.............................................................. 25 Procedure .................................................................................. 26 Internal and External Validity.......................................................... 28 iv Statistical Techniques ................................................................. 29 Ethical Considerations ................................................................. 29 4. CASE PRESENTATION.................................................................... 31 Participant 1 ................................................................................... 32 Participant 2 ................................................................................... 40 5. RESULTS .................................................................................... 48 Measure 1 .................................................................................... 48 Measure 2 .................................................................................... 49 Measure 3 .................................................................................... 49 Participant 1 ................................................................................... 50 Participant 2 ................................................................................... 55 Comparison of Language Production Data .................................... 60 Comparison of Artwork................................................................... 62 6. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ........................................................ 65 Progress of Participants ................................................................. 65 Recommendations for Future Treatment........................................ 66 Theoretical and Clinical Considerations ......................................... 67 Interpretation of Results ................................................................. 68 Limitations of the Study.................................................................. 69 Implications for Future Research ................................................... 70 Contributions to the Field of Art Therapy ...................................... 71 Conclusion ................................................................................... 72 APPENDICES .................................................................................... 73 A Schizophrenic Subtypes and Related Disorders....................... 73 B Participant 1 Language Production Results .............................. 76 C Participant 2 Language Production Results .............................. 81 D Participant 1 Artwork................................................................. 85 E Participant 2 Artwork................................................................. 92 F Approval Forms ........................................................................ 99 v REFERENCES .................................................................................... 105 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .................................................................... 108 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Participant 1 DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Information ..................... 34 Table 2: Participant 2 DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Information ..................... 41 Table 3: Participant 1 Pre-Test and Post-Test Results 1........................ 50 Table 4: Participant 1 Pre-Test and Post-Test Results 2........................ 51 Table 5: Participant 1 Phonological Fluency Comparison ...................... 51 Table 6: Participant 1 Semantic Fluency Comparison............................ 52 Table 7: Participant 2 Pre-Test and Post-Test Results 1........................ 56 Table 8: Participant 2 Pre-Test and Post-Test Results 2........................ 56 Table 9: Participant 2 Phonological Fluency Comparison ...................... 57 Table 10: Participant 2 Semantic Fluency Comparison.......................... 58 Table 11: Participant 1 Measure 1A ....................................................... 77 Table 12: Participant 1 Measure 2A ....................................................... 77 Table 13: Participant 1 Measure 1B ....................................................... 78 Table 14: Participant 1 Measure 2B ....................................................... 78 Table 15: Participant 2 Measure 1A ....................................................... 82 Table 16: Participant 2 Measure 2A ....................................................... 82 Table 17: Participant 2 Measure 1B ....................................................... 83 Table 18: Participant 2 Measure 2B ....................................................... 83 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Hierarchy of Mental Processes .............................................. 22 Figure 2: Frequent Speech Errors.......................................................... 22 Figure 3: Participant 1 Scribble Drawing: Phase 1 ................................ 86 Figure 4: Participant 1 Scribble Drawing: Phase 2 ................................. 87 Figure 5: Participant 1 Scribble Drawing: Phase 3 ................................ 88 Figure 6: Participant 1 Personal Symbol Drawing ................................. 89 Figure 7: Participant 1 Personal Symbol Drawing: Detail ...................... 89 Figure 8: Participant