EDUCATOR’S GUIDE Dear Educator, All my life, I have wondered what lay beyond the horizon – water – or fry trying. These ecosystems are as close to alien and below it. When I had the chance to travel to the ocean as anything ever imagined, and provide one possible blueprint floor, to see the extraordinary creatures that thrive there, and for life that might exist beyond our world. to search for clues about the potential for life on other planets, Of course, I did not go alone. With me was a team of I couldn’t wait to go. scientists from NASA and the National Science Foundation. The movie I made about this journey, Aliens of the Deep, uses We considered how the life forms we observed represent the dramatic sweep of the large-format screen to tell the story life that may one day be found in outer space – not only on of an expedition to one of Earth’s deepest, most extreme and distant planets orbiting distant stars, but also within our own unknown environments in search of the strange and alien solar system. creatures that live there. Aliens of the Deep is a compelling teaching tool. Watching Aliens of the Deep is the result of visually stunning expeditions this film and participating in the thought-provoking activities to hydrothermal vent sites in the Atlantic and the Pacific. in this Guide will engage and motivate your students. Both These are violent volcanic regions where new planet is literally deep-ocean and space research are interdisciplinary, as are the being born and where the interaction between ocean and topics presented here, all linked to national education standards. molten rock creates plumes of super-heated, chemically- This Guide will lead your class to greater insight into the charged water that serve as oases for animals unlike anything mysteries of life in extreme environments and the potential seen elsewhere. There, six-foot-tall worms with blood-red for discovering life in outer space. plumes, blind white crabs, and an inconceivable biomass of Enjoy the adventure! shrimp capable of “seeing” heat all compete to find just the right location in the flow of the super-heated, life-giving James Cameron ALIENS OF THE DEEP TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE MOVIE 2 MEET THE EXPLORERS 4 MEET THE ALIENS OF THE DEEP EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 6 STANDARDS AND CORRELATIONS 7 EXPLORATION ONE — WHAT DOES LIFE NEED TO LIVE? HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE: The activities in this Guide are designed 8 EXPLORATION TWO — IS THERE LIFE ON OTHER PLANETS? for students in grades 5-8. The Guide 10 EXPLORATION THREE — WHAT CAN LIFE TOLERATE? may be used before or after viewing the film. Activities and material in this 12 EXPLORATION FOUR — THE “GOLDILOCKS” PLANET: WHAT Guide may be reproduced for use in MAKES A PLANET HABITABLE? the classroom. 14 EXPLORATION FIVE — BREAKING NEWS: A NEW SPACE DISCOVERY 16 RESOURCES WRITERS Harry Helling Amy Pallant, M.S., M.Ed. The Ocean Institute Jean Kwon, M.Ed. Dana Point, CA REVIEWERS Tori Hoehler, Ph.D., Daniella James Brown Scalice, Krisstina Wilmoth, U.S. Space and Rocket Center Linda Khandro, and Michele Barr Text and design ©2004 Walden Media, LLC. Walden Media is a registered trademark Huntsville, AL NASA Astrobiology Institute of Walden Media, LLC. The Walden Media skipping stone logo is a trademark of Walden Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This guide may be reproduced for educational Charles Fisher, Ph.D. James O’Leary purposes only. Professor of Biology Maryland Science Center The Pennsylvania State University Baltimore, Maryland Except where otherwise indicated, all photographs and illustrations © Buena Vista State College, PA Pictures Distribution Inc. and Walden Media, LLC. All rights reserved. Sukey Padawer Jo Haas New England Aquarium Photograph on p. 4 of Deinococcus radiodurans © Drs. Michael J. Daly and Alexander Carnegie Science Center Boston, MA I. Vasilenko, Dept. of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA Bethesda, MD. Randy Testa, Ed.D. Kathleen Heidenreich Walden Media Cover: © Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. Chinook Middle School SPECIAL THANKS to Ed Marsh, Some activities in this guide were adapted from Life on Earth… and Elsewhere? an Lacey, WA Creative Producer, Earthship Educator’s Guide from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. Productions and Liz Goehring, Ridge 2000 Program Office. © 2004 Walden Media Visit www.aliensofthedeep.com for more information about Aliens of the Deep 1 ABOUT THE MOVIE MEET THE EXPLORERS In Aliens of the Deep, Academy Award®-winning director, deep-ocean adventurer, and space-exploration visionary James Cameron invites you to join him and a team of space and ocean scientists on a journey to the depths of the ocean. You will travel to seafloor hydrothermal vents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to see some of the most amazing rock formations and strangest life forms on our planet. Aliens of the Deep provides a first-hand look into James Cameron’s passion for exploration, the extreme machines that allow humans to explore the deep, and the possibilities that lie both below and beyond the horizon. The expedition team helps us consider the connections between life under water and life we may one day find in space. Scientists from many fields joined James Cameron’s expedition. The crew included astrobiologists, marine biologists, planetary scientists, and geophysicists. Mission scientists (left to right) Dijanna Figueroa, Maya Tolstoy, Pan Conrad, Kevin Hand, Kelly Snook, and Tori Hoehler, at work during the Aliens of the Deep expedition. Astrobiologists use many different disciplines and tech- chemistry of their environment. “The chemistry and biology nologies to try to answer such questions as: “Does life of Earth’s deep-sea vents help us understand what life could exist elsewhere in the universe?” and “What is life’s be like on other worlds. In many ways, a trip inside a research future on Earth and beyond?” sub must be like a trip inside a spacecraft: cramped and tight; For the first time in human history, advances in the bio- surrounded by electronics upon which your very life depends; logical sciences, space exploration, and space technology descending through blackness with only a tiny window on the will make it possible for us to answer such questions. outside world; and yet, at the very end, the reward of seeing things from a completely new perspective.” PAN CONRAD is a Senior Astrobiologist at NASA. “I think Marine biologists study marine organisms, especially if we’re going to try to get evidence of life on another planet, their behavior and interaction with their environment. we’ve certainly got to look for evidence of life on our own first,” she says. “It’s the only sample we’ve got. Every kid who DIJANNA FIGUEROA is a marine biology graduate student grew up loving science fiction as I did has the idea that there at the University of California at Santa Barbara. She studies should be a point-and-shoot device that you could take to how deep-sea mussels adapt to their harsh environments. another planet that would say ‘Aha! There’s life over there.’ On the Aliens of the Deep expedition, Dijanna focused on So we set about trying to come up with that device.” mussels’ uptake of oxygen and different nutrients and tried to learn more about what makes vent mussels different from TORI HOEHLER is a researcher on the NASA Astrobiology their shallow-water cousins. “I think I have one of the coolest Institute Lead Team at the NASA Ames Research Center. jobs,” she says. “I get to go to the bottom of the ocean, see He wants to understand how living organisms affect the these animals, and figure out how they work.” 2 © 2004 Walden Media Geophysicists study the structure and composition of the Earth. Using complex instruments to measure the Earth’s properties, they work to better understand how our planet is put together. MAYA TOLSTOY is a geophysicist and marine seismologist at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York. Maya usually stays on the surface when she goes to sea, sending down instruments to study earthquakes on the ocean floor – a key to determining how the Earth’s surface was formed. On the Aliens of the Deep expedition, Maya was able to travel to the seafloor for the first time. “For me, the opportunity to “Who knows what’s dive was fantastic. It was the opportunity for the astronomer to become an astronaut.” out there? So we have to go.” – Marine Biologist DIJANNA FIGUEROA 6 3 Planetary scientists study the origin and evolution of our 5 2 sun’s family of planets and of solar systems in general. 4 KEVIN HAND is a graduate student in geology at Stanford 1 University in California. His research focus is on the possibil- ity of life on Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons. His dives with the Aliens of the Deep expedition gave him his first view of the seafloor and helped him consider the possible connec- tions between Earth’s deep-sea vents and the life-supporting processes of other planetary bodies. “Diving in the Rovers is an absolutely incredible experience,” he says, “because you see EVERYTHING around you.” Tracking the Exploration If you looked at the Earth from space, and could make the KELLY SNOOK is a planetary scientist at NASA’s Johnson Space ocean invisible, you’d see huge ridges running like zippers Center in Houston. She develops programs that study the along the floor of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. These Earth and the Moon to prepare for the eventual exploration are chains of underwater volcanoes where the Earth literally of Mars.