The U.S. Department Of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy’s National Alternative Fuels Hotline Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine Resource Guide This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT THE HOTLINE 800-423-1DOE • 703-528-3500 FAX: 703-528-1953 EMAIL: [email protected] Introduction Engine manufacturers are moving forward when it comes to alternative fuel engine technology. This model year (MY96), heavy-duty engine manufacturers are offering a number of natural gas models with additional models nearing production. Electric vehicle manufacturers have several products available with new models nearing completion. Although Caterpillar is the only manufacturer offering propane as a fuel option, Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) will be demonstrating a prototype model in 1996, and Cummins will release a model within MY96. Many manufacturers are offering natural gas engines in response to California Air Resource Board’s strict bus emission standards which are effective MY96. Caterpillar, Cummins and DDC already have dedicated natural gas models that meet the proposed federal emission standards set for year 2004 . All the manufacturers providing natural gas options are surpassing the 1996 federal emissions standards. Likewise, the electric and fuel cell buses are receiving considerable publicity for their ability to eliminate tons of toxic air emissions. Although these two fuel systems are considerably more expensive, several transit agencies are purchasing zero emission demonstration vehicles with the anticipation that the technology will become more economical as technology evolves and infrastructure grows. Although production seems to centering around natural gas and electric engines, there is a mounting demand to place propane medium and heavy-duty vehicles on the road. The Propane Vehicle Council, the National Propane Gas Association and several other organizations agreed to cost-share much of the heavy-duty propane engine developments. Caterpillar is currently offering a propane version of its G3306 engine family. Cummins anticipates selling its B5.9G Series with a propane option by late MY96. DDC has a demonstration model in operation and has not yet announced when it will be offered. DDC discontinued offering its 6V-92TA which can run on methanol or ethanol. Although the engine could meet future standards, there has not been any demand due to high fuel cost. According to several representatives of the alcohol fuels industry, future heavy-duty alcohol fuel applications may come in the form of fuel cells, similar to the bus system designed by Georgetown University. Other alternative fuels, such as biodiesel and di-methyl ether, are currently being tested in heavy duty engines. Recently, the U.S. Department of Energy proposed defining biodiesel (non- blended) as an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act, furthering the recognition of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. For more information, please contact the National Alternative Fuels Hotline at 800-423- 1DOE. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's National Alternative Fuels Hotline - 1 Table 1. Emission Standards (g/bhp-hr) Standard NMHC CO NOx PM 1996 CARB Bus 1.2 15.5 4.0 0.05 1996 CARB Truck 1.2 15.5 5.0 0.10 1994-7 EPA Diesel 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.10 1998 EPA Diesel 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.10 1996 EPA Bus 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.05 1998 EPA Bus 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.05 2004 EPA Proposed 1.3 15.5 2.0 0.05 2004 EPA, CARB, * 15.5 2.4* 0.05 OEM Option A 2004 EPA, CARB, 0.5** 15.5 2.0** 0.05 OEM Option B * HC (NMHC) + NOx combind standard. ** NMHC + NOx combined standard and a NMHC cap of 0.5 g/bhp-hr. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's National Alternative Fuels Hotline - 2 Table 2 Heavy and Medium Duty Natural Gas Vehicles (available or nearing development) *Vehicle range is determined by fuel tank size, driving patterns, and geographic/weather conditions (@=average) Vehicle Type OEM/Model Engine Used Range* Availability Medium Duty Truck Ottawa, YT-50 Cummins 5.9L 8hours 1996 Medium Duty Truck Freightliner, FL50, FL60, FL70 Cummins 5.9L N/A 1996 Medium Duty Truck Kenworth, T300 Cummins 8.3L N/A Late 1996 Medium Duty Truck Ford F-700 Ford 7-liter V-8 (LPG) N/A 1996 Cummins 8.3L Heavy Truck Kenworth, T8000 Cummins L10 2-300@ 1996 Heavy Truck Peterbilt, 320 Cummins L10 (LNG) N/A 1996 Heavy Truck Volvo GM Cummins L10 N/A TBD Heavy Truck Freightliner Cummins L10 N/A TBD Heavy Truck Ford, 8000 Cummins 8.3L N/A 1996 Heavy Truck Western Star, 4964S Caterpillar 3306 (LPG) 2-300 @ 1996 Cummins L10 N/A Heavy Truck Navistar, 8000 Series T-444NG N/A (Prototype) Detroit Diesel 30G Locomotive Morrison Knudson Caterpillar 3516 N/A (In Development) Refuse Hauler Volvo-GM, WXLL64 Cummins L-10 N/A Available in 1996 Refuse Hauler Crane Carrier Co., LET Cummins L-10 N/A 1996 Refuse Hauler Peterbilt, 320 Cummins L-10 N/A 1996 Refuse Hauler Mack Trucks, Inc. Mack E-7 12L (LNG) N/A (In Development) School Bus Blue Bird TC/2000 FE (front engine) Hercules 5.6L N/A N/A TC/2000 RE (rear engine) All American FE & John Deere 8.1L RE CV200 FE Cummins 5.9L GM 7.0L School Bus Carpenter, Counselor Hercules 5.6L N/A N/A School Bus Navistar International 3800-218”, 254” and T-444 N.G. N/A (Prototype) 276” wheelbase School Bus Thomas Built Saf-T-Liner MVP Cummins 5.9L, 8.3L 2-300@ 1996 School Bus Matthews-upfits 10 yr. + Navistar Chassis- Hercules 5.6L 225 @ 1996 254/Conventional wheelbase to Vista cowl- Cummins 5.9L Natural Gas. New Thomas body Step Van Freightliner Custom, MT-10NG, MT-12NG, Cummins, B5.9G N/A Available in 1996 MT-13NG, MT-14-19NG Step Van Oshkosh Truck Corp. MT-10NG, MT-12NG, Hercules 3.7L N/A (In Development) MT-13NG, MT-14-19NG Cummins 5.9 L (In Development) Spotting Truck SISU USA, Inc. TT100 Hercules 5.6L, N/A 1996 Cummins 5.9L Shuttle Trolley Specialty Vehicle Manufacturing 3000T, 3000 Cummins 5.9L N/A 1996 Deluxe, 2000 Tow Motor Tug Hercules 5.6L Street Sweeper Athey M9C/Mobile Hercules 5.6L; N/A N/A Detroit Diesel 30G Transit Shuttle GC-II Pacer Sentry 460 CID N/A N/A GM 7.4L 454 CID Transit Shuttle Metrotrans Corp. 29’ and 35’ Eurotrans Hercules 5.6L N/A 1996 Transit Shuttle Spartan Motors, Low Floor Cummins, B5.9 N/A 1996 (prototype) Transit Shuttle North American Transit 29” 71/2” Unique Hercules 5.6L N/A 1996 Design Transit Vehicle (UDTV) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's National Alternative Fuels Hotline - 3 Vehicle Type OEM/Model Engine Used Range* Availability Transit American Ikarus, Inc. Cummins L-10 N/A 1996 Ikarus 416/LNG 436/LNG Articulated Detroit Diesel S-50G Transit (1) Orion Bus Company Cummins L-10 200@ 1996 Orion 5/CNG (30’, 35’ &40’) Detroit Diesel 50G Orion 2/CNG 26’ Para-transit, handicapped accessible Transit (1) Flxible Corporation METRO Cummins L-10 350-400 1996 Detroit Diesel 50G @ Source: Gas Research Institute, supplemented by the National Alternative Fuels Hotline (1) = equipped with particulate traps Table 3 Heavy and Medium duty Electric Vehicles (available or nearing completion) Vehicle Type OEM/Model Propulsion System Batteries Availability School Bus APS System N/A N/A TBA School Bus Thomas Built Buses, Inc. Hughes Power Control Sealed Lead Acid, 320 1996 System volts School Bus Blue Bird Corp. Westinghouse GNB Lead Acid 1996 Transit Bus U.S. Electricar Advanced DC motors Lead Acid 120 volts 1996 Transit Bus APS Systems/Villager AC Rexroth mtors 320 volt DC 78 kwh TBA Transit Bus APS Systems/22-Foot Chloride traction Ni-Cad. TBA controller, DC motor Transit Bus APS Systems/35-Foot Electric Bus Hughes controller SAFT Ni-Cad, 112 6 volt, 1996 360 amp hr. Transit Bus El Dorado National Hughes Power Control Trojan Lead Acid, 320 Demonstration System high speed AC volt induction motors Transit Bus Bus Manufacturing USA/22-Foot Med. Chloride controller, Chloride Motive Power, 1996 Duty Battery/hybrid Bus Nelco DC traction motor 325 amp hr. Transit Bus Specialty Vehicle Manf. Corp./5122 Nelco traction motor Trojan Industrial Lead 1996 Acid Transit Bus Advanced Vehicle Systems/22 foot GE Trojan, Chloride 1996 Transit Bus Ballard Power Systems Hydrogen Fuel Cell N/A 1996 Prototype Transit Bus Specialty Vehicle Manf. Corp. /5131 Hughes Power Control Trojan Industrial Lead 1996 System Acid; 160 volts; 72 kwh Transit Bus Matthews/ETAF Advanced DC Lead Acid 1997 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's National Alternative Fuels Hotline - 4 Table 4.