Intercorporeality: Merleau-Ponty’s Ontology of Flesh and Butoh Dance Practice Pawel Szynkarczuk Goldsmiths, University of London A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 DECLARATION I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Pawel Szynkarczuk 2 ABSTRACT This research project is interdisciplinary and intercultural. Broadly, it moves between the practices of phenomenology and dance in order to contribute in an original way to contemporary debates associated with a so-called 'somatic turn' in recent critical theory. Specifically, the project engages with the phenomenology/ontology of the late Merleau-Ponty, and with Butoh, a dance form that emerged in Japan in the late 1950s, having sources in Noh Theatre and Kabuki and western Expressionist Dance. What these practices bring to the broad contemporary debates concerning somatic/embodiment, in methodologically distinct ways, is a focus on intercorporeality; a phenomenon/experience/lived concept that, in Merleau-Ponty’s later work, increasingly replaces earlier notions of intersubjectivity, thus decentering the western, epistemological concept of the (humanist) “subject” and emphasising instead an anonymous, pre-personal basis of existence. The project as a whole draws largely on my own original research of an as yet largely un-researched constellation of source materials and practices. It also contributes to Merleau-Pontean scholarship by examining Merleau-Pontean ideas that have still not been fully exploited, and exploring possible relationships between this material and Eastern philosophical views of embodiment. A further important aspect of the originality of my work is its methodological approach as I also discuss issues of intercorporeality and the pre-personal experientially, through lived practice and interrogations of Butoh. Here, engagement with the intercorporeal/prepersonal is through processes of enactment and it is my own body that is the major instrument of data-collection. This methodological emphasis is important since a large part of Merleau-Ponty’s later project was also centred on methodology, namely his ongoing search for appropriate philosophical ‘instruments’ and for a philosophical language able, paradoxically, to open up the realm of pre-reflexive/pre-linguistic being and learn from it. 3 Table of Contents DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................2 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................5 Chapter I....................................................................................................................................19 Ontology of Flesh .....................................................................................................................19 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................19 1.1 Hyperreflection ............................................................................................................................20 1.2 The body – a site of reflexive perception. .........................................................................26 1.3 The Flesh .........................................................................................................................................35 1.3.1 Flesh as medium.......................................................................................................................39 1.3.2 Structural aspects of Flesh...................................................................................................44 1.3.3 Chiasm ..........................................................................................................................................47 1.3.4 Reversibility ...............................................................................................................................49 1.4 Intercorporeality .........................................................................................................................53 Chapter II ..................................................................................................................................67 Phenomenologies of embodiment – selected perspectives ...............................................67 2.1 Embodiment and somatic modes of attention in cultural phenomenology ................67 2.2 Ontology and embodiment .........................................................................................................71 2.3 Phenomenology of the Sensuous..............................................................................................74 2.4 Sensuous Imperative..................................................................................................................81 2.5 Phenomenologies of Dance .....................................................................................................92 2.5.1 Embodied metaphysics .........................................................................................................93 Chapter III.............................................................................................................................. 104 Conceptual framework of Japanese Body–Mind-World theory ................................ 104 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 104 3.1 Different paradigm................................................................................................................... 105 3.1.2 Process ontology ................................................................................................................... 108 3.2 Non‐Material Body in Japan................................................................................................. 112 3.2.1 Kokoro ....................................................................................................................................... 112 3.2.2 Felt Inter‐Resonance ........................................................................................................... 115 3.3 Ma – a world in‐between....................................................................................................... 116 3.4 Ki­energy....................................................................................................................................... 119 3.5 Attunement through the body ............................................................................................ 126 Chapter IV.............................................................................................................................. 130 Butoh: Dimensions of Intercorporeality .......................................................................... 130 4.1 Socio‐cultural context of Butoh .......................................................................................... 131 4.2 Tatsumi Hijikata’s Butoh ....................................................................................................... 136 4.2.1 Transformation...................................................................................................................... 143 4.2.2 Gendered body....................................................................................................................... 145 4.4 International reception of Butoh ....................................................................................... 148 4.5 Contemporary Butoh Practice..................................................................................... 151 4.5.1 A Dialog with Gravity – Butoh of Sankai Juku........................................................... 153 4.5.2 Thinking in movement ‐ Kō Murobushi’s minimalist Butoh.............................. 161 4.5.3 Corporeal empathy – Jinen Butoh of Atsushi Takenouchi................................... 171 4.6 Experiential Intercorporeality..................................................................................... 179 4.6.1 Sensuous Ground .................................................................................................................. 180 4.6.2 Inter‐being ............................................................................................................................... 191 4.6.3 Spectator’s transformation............................................................................................... 198 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................... 206 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................................................................................. 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. 211 4 Acknowledgments Many persons helped me to complete this thesis by generously providing me with emotional and intellectual support. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them: Dr Jorella Andrews, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement, for conversations and commentaries that clarified my ideas and supporting me from the beginning till the end of this journey. Brendan Prendville for inspirational seminars and guiding