FM 2-91.4 INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO URBAN OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY March 2008 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only because it requires protection in accordance with AR 380-5 and as specified by DCS G-3 Message DTG 091913Z Mar 04. This determination was made on 7 January 2007. Contractor and other requests must be referred to ATTN: ATZS-CDI-D, US Army Intelligence Center, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613- 7017, or via e-mail at [email protected]. DESTRUCTION NOTICE⎯Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY FM 2-91.4 Field Manual Headquarters No. 2-91.4 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 20 March 2008 Intelligence Support to Urban Operations Contents Page PREFACE ..............................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................vi Chapter 1 INTELLIGENCE AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT ...................................... 1-1 Civil Considerations (ASCOPE) ......................................................................... 1-1 Terrain and Weather .......................................................................................... 1-2 Society (Socio-Cultural).................................................................................... 1-18 Chapter 2 THE THREAT IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.............................................. 2-1 Conventional Military and Paramilitary Forces................................................... 2-1 Insurgents or Guerrillas ...................................................................................... 2-3 Terrorists ............................................................................................................ 2-4 Crime and Criminal Organizations ..................................................................... 2-5 Information Operations....................................................................................... 2-6 Health Issues...................................................................................................... 2-8 Other Urban Concerns ....................................................................................... 2-9 Chapter 3 INFORMATION SOURCES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT ........................ 3-1 Scouts, Snipers, Reconnaissance ..................................................................... 3-1 Special Operations Forces ................................................................................. 3-2 Distribution Restriction: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only because it requires protection in accordance with AR 380-5 and as specified by DCS G-3 Message DTG 091913Z Mar 04. This determination was made on 7 January 2007. Contractor and other requests must be referred to ATTN: ATZS-CDI-D, US Army Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-7017, or via email at ATZS- [email protected]. DESTRUCTION NOTICE––Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. *This publication supersedes FMI 2-91.4, March 2005. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY i FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Contents Engineers............................................................................................................3-2 Medical................................................................................................................3-2 Aviation ...............................................................................................................3-3 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear ................................................3-4 Air Defense Artillery ............................................................................................3-4 Civil Affairs ..........................................................................................................3-4 Psychological Operations Teams .......................................................................3-4 Military Police......................................................................................................3-5 Explosive Ordnance Disposal.............................................................................3-5 Transportation And Logistics ..............................................................................3-5 Civilian Linguists And Local Hires.......................................................................3-6 Joint/DOD............................................................................................................3-6 Multinational........................................................................................................3-7 International and Intergovernmental Organizations............................................3-7 Non-Governmental Organizations ......................................................................3-8 Local National Authorities ...................................................................................3-8 Chapter 4 INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION DISCIPLINES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT4-1 Human Intelligence .............................................................................................4-1 Imagery Intelligence............................................................................................4-2 Signals Intelligence .............................................................................................4-3 Measurement and Signature Intelligence ...........................................................4-3 Counterintelligence .............................................................................................4-4 Geospatial Intelligence........................................................................................4-5 Technical Intelligence .........................................................................................4-6 Open-Source Intelligence ...................................................................................4-6 Geospatial Information........................................................................................4-8 Chapter 5 OPERATIONS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT .............................................5-1 Plan .....................................................................................................................5-1 Prepare ...............................................................................................................5-3 Execute ...............................................................................................................5-3 Assess.................................................................................................................5-4 Appendix A URBAN INTELIGENCE TOOLS AND PRODUCTS ......................................... A-1 Appendix C NON-US SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS EFFECTS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................. B-1 GLOSSARY.......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES.................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 ii FM 2-91.4 20 March 2008 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Contents Figures Figure 1-1. Keys to understanding the urban environment....................................................1-2 Figure 1-2. Urban layout patterns...........................................................................................1-5 Figure 1-3. Funnel-fan effect ..................................................................................................1-7 Figure 1-4. The multidimensional urban battlefield ..............................................................1-10 Figure A-1. Example pattern analysis plot sheet....................................................................A-2 Figure A-2. Example link diagram ..........................................................................................A-3 Figure A-3. Example association matrix.................................................................................A-4 Figure A-4. Example relationship matrix ................................................................................A-6 Figure A-5. Example activities matrix .....................................................................................A-7 Figure A-6. Example time event chart ....................................................................................A-8 Figure A-7. Perception assessment matrix ......................................................................... A-11 Figure A-8. Population status overlay ................................................................................. A-30 Figure A-9. Example roof cover overlay.............................................................................. A-32 Figure A-10. Combined UTOG/UTFO (simplified example)................................................ A-33 Figure A-11. Example of imagery and urban models.......................................................... A-35 Tables Table 1-1. Urban pattern effects.............................................................................................1-6