inn u Ottawa L'Universite canadienne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES l==l FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Universiti-* canadienne Canada's university Stephen Wild AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Criminology) GRADE/DEGREE Department of Criminology FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT The Construction of Political Corruption in The Globe and Mail from 1990-2000 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Daniel Dos Santos CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR Jransoise Varfiamme Y.aIeri?_.StefY.es. Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The Construction of Political Corruption in The Globe and Mail from 1990 -2000 Stephen Wild Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Master of Arts (MA) in Criminology Department of Criminology Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Ottawa © Stephen Wild, Ottawa, Canada, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-65955-7 Our file Notre ref6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-65955-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ii ABSTRACT Despite a loss of readership and revenue, newspapers, one of the main providers of new information to the public, continue to play a major role in helping to shape public debate about social problems. The news media is therefore one of the primary ways for claims-makers to distribute their claims to a large audience. By presenting the claims, the news media alters the claims and re-presents them. These new claims represent one possible worldview, and because of the news media's major role in public debate, these claims may be very influential. A review of the research literature on political corruption shows that few media studies about political corruption have been conducted in Canada. Furthermore, the research literature uses a wide variety of different definitions for what constitutes political corruption, making it extremely difficult to compare and analyze different articles in the research literature. I chose to examine how The Globe and Mail, which many people consider to be Canada's premier newspaper, perceived, reported, and describes political corruption. My goal is to explore how The Globe and Mail describes political corruption and presents claims-makers' claims, and how these claims may influence debate. I used a quantitative content analysis to analyze newspaper articles about political corruption published in The Globe and Mail from 1990-2000. I found that numerous articles published in The Globe and Mail identified political corruption as a serious problem with serious effects on Canadians. Grand corruption in the Federal level of government was the most identified type of corruption, with favouritism as the main form. For quotes, The Globe and Mail primarily used State sources and alleged offenders. The structure of Canada's political system was identified as the primary cause of political corruption, while solutions were constructed to include either increased accountability or stronger laws. The information provided by The Globe and Mail usually came from others sources, and there was very little independent investigation of claims. These results show that The Globe and Mail presents a limited debate about political corruption. The focus on presenting State viewpoints may limit discussion of other possible causes and solutions, and this limited discussion may result in ineffective legal responses. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thesis would not be possible without the help of many people. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Daniel Dos Santos, for reading my thesis, helping me find articles, and answering panicked 2 a.m. emails. To my readers, Dr. Val Steeves and Dr. Francoise Vanhamme, thank you for your helpful comments. Justine Scriver, thank you for forcing me to work. Our many hours in the library allowed me to find obscure quotes and slowly insert them into my thesis. Jenn Duff and Mike Kirk, my partners in procrastination, thank you for reading my rough drafts and finding my errors. And, of course, for helping me procrastinate. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and the Bank of MOMtreal. Your timely donations prevented me from living on the street and selling my knowledge for sandwiches. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hi TABLE OF CONTENTS iv TABLES AND FIGURES vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: POLITICAL CORRUPTION, THE MEDIA, AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 6 HISTORY 6 A Brief History Political Corruption in Canada CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION 13 What is Political Corruption? The State and Government in Canada Public Office Bureaucratic and Grand Corruption Behaviours Effects of Political Corruption Causes Prevention THE NEWS MEDIA 29 What is the News Media? Newspapers Objectivity Selecting Stories and Sources Reporting Political Corruption THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 43 Social Constructionism Construction of Social Problems Labelling Theory SECTION CONCLUSION 50 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH QUESTION, HYPOTHESES, AND METHODOLOGY 52 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 52 METHODOLOGY 54 Operationalization and Data Analysis Type of Newspaper Articles Tone Level of Government Corruption Type Behaviours Sources Description and Evidence Prevention and Response Causes Method V Data Collection and Sample Limitations Strengths CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 66 ARTICLE DESCRIPTION 66 TONE 70 LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT 75 CORRUPTION TYPE 76 BEHAVIOURS 78 SOURCES 82 EVIDENCE AND DESCRIPTION 87 CAUSES 89 PREVENTION AND SOLUTIONS 91 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 96 REFERENCES 102 APPENDIX A 118 APPENDIX B 119 vi TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 3.1: Word Count 66 Table 3.1: Article Categories Sorted by Year 67 Table 3.2: Number of Articles Divided by Year and Section 68 Table 3.3: Tone Divided by Year 71 Table 3.4: Tone and Article Type Divided by Year 74 Table 3.5: Level of Government by Year 75 Table 3.6: Type of Corruption by Year 77 Table 3.7: Behaviour by Year 79 Table 3.8: Sources by Category and Year 83 Table 3.9: Evidence by Year 88 Table 3.10: Description by Year 89 Table 3.11: Causes by Year 90 Table 3.12: Type of Prevention by Year 92 1 INTRODUCTION On November 13, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced a public inquiry to examine the relationship between former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and German lobbyist Karlheinz Schreiber. Schreiber, who was going to be deported back to Germany to face criminal charges,1 alleged that he had given Mulroney $300,000 (Mulroney claimed $225,000) after coming to an initial agreement with Mulroney when Mulroney was still Prime Minister (Mulroney claimed it was shortly after). The money was to be for Mulroney's lobbying on behalf of Thyssen Industries, but the two men dispute whether Mulroney did any work. Mulroney claims he was paid to lobby foreign governments; Schreiber claims it was to lobby the Canadian Government, which would be a direct violation of Mulroney's own Conflict of Interest Code. As I write this introduction, the full public inquiry has not delivered its final report, due December 31, 2009.3 That report will mark the end of a public spectacle that unfolded in the news media. Both Mulroney and Schreiber testified before the inquiry, and the news media followed their every word. CBC News World, a cable TV channel devoted to 24-hour news, pre­ empted its regular programming to show both Mulroney's and Schreiber's testimonies. The Mulroney-Schreiber affair is just one event in a long list of political corruption scandals, many of which were reported by the news media. Like the numerous political corruption scandals before it, the Mulroney-Schreiber Affair helped bring political corruption into the forefront of public debate: What happened? Who was involved? When and where did it happen? Why? How does it affect us? What can we do about it? 1 Schreiber was deported back to Germany on August 2nd, 2009. {Schreiber in German jail (2009, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/world/storv/2009/08/03/schreiber-germany003.html.') 2 The Mulroney-Schreiber Affair: Our Case For a Full Public Inquiry.