Current and Past Strategies for Bacterial Culture in Clinical Microbiology Jean-Christophe Lagier, Sophie Edouard, Isabelle Pagnier, Oleg Mediannikov, Michel Drancourt, Didier Raoult Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................209 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................209 Downloaded from EARLY STRATEGIES AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES ...........................................................................................................209 Nonselective Culture Media ..............................................................................................................................210 Solid agar and coagulated serum......................................................................................................................210 Enriched media ........................................................................................................................................210 Selective Culture Media ..................................................................................................................................210 Organic and inorganic components and minerals ....................................................................................................210 Antibiotics and antiseptics.............................................................................................................................210 Sample Decontamination ................................................................................................................................210 Temperature and Atmosphere Control ..................................................................................................................210 http://cmr.asm.org/ Temperature...........................................................................................................................................210 Atmospheres ..........................................................................................................................................210 (i) Aerophilic and anaerobic conditions .............................................................................................................210 (ii) Microaerophilic conditions.......................................................................................................................210 Incubation Time ..........................................................................................................................................210 Improving Collection and Transport Time to the Laboratory.............................................................................................211 SPECIFIC STRATEGIES FOR FASTIDIOUS BACTERIA .......................................................................................................211 Mycoplasma ..............................................................................................................................................211 Anaerobes................................................................................................................................................211 Brief history of earlier methods ........................................................................................................................211 (i) Physical reduction of oxygen tension ............................................................................................................211 on January 7, 2015 by GAZI UNIVERSITESI (ii) Chemical reduction by reducing agents.........................................................................................................211 Constituents of anaerobic media ......................................................................................................................212 (i) Major and minor constituents of suitable anaerobic media ......................................................................................212 (ii) Growth factors ...................................................................................................................................212 Anaerobic incubation systems used to increase the ability to cultivate anaerobes....................................................................212 (i) Anaerobic jars ....................................................................................................................................212 (ii) Roll tube method ................................................................................................................................212 (iii) Anaerobic chambers ............................................................................................................................212 Perspectives on anaerobic culture.....................................................................................................................212 Spirochetes...............................................................................................................................................212 Mycobacteria .............................................................................................................................................214 Archaea...................................................................................................................................................215 INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL CULTURE ....................................................................................................................217 Culture in Embryonated Eggs ............................................................................................................................217 Animal Inoculation .......................................................................................................................................217 Coculture with Amoebae ................................................................................................................................218 History .................................................................................................................................................218 Methods ...............................................................................................................................................218 (i) Coculture with amoebae..........................................................................................................................218 (ii) Isolation of wild amoebae with their symbionts .................................................................................................219 (iii) Protozoa used for ARM culture...................................................................................................................219 (continued) Citation Lagier J-C, Edouard S, Pagnier I, Mediannikov O, Drancourt M, Raoult D. 2015. Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 28:208–236. doi:10.1128/CMR.00110-14. Address correspondence to Didier Raoult, [email protected]. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. doi:10.1128/CMR.00110-14 208 cmr.asm.org Clinical Microbiology Reviews January 2015 Volume 28 Number 1 Bacterial Culture in Clinical Microbiology Results .................................................................................................................................................219 (i) Alphaproteobacteria ..............................................................................................................................219 (ii) Betaproteobacteria ...............................................................................................................................219 (iii) Gammaproteobacteria...........................................................................................................................219 (iv) Epsilonproteobacteria ............................................................................................................................220 (v) Firmicutes ........................................................................................................................................220 (vi) Bacteroidetes.....................................................................................................................................220 (vii) Actinobacteria...................................................................................................................................220 (viii) Chlamydia ......................................................................................................................................220 (ix) Endomicrobia ....................................................................................................................................220 (x) TM6 phylum .....................................................................................................................................221 Use in clinical microbiology............................................................................................................................221 Perspectives ...........................................................................................................................................221 Downloaded from Cell Culture ...............................................................................................................................................221