Rethinking the Western Tradition The volumes in this series seek to address the present debate over the Western tradition by reprinting key works of that tradition along with essays that evaluate each text from di√erent perspectives. EDITORIAL COMMITTEE FOR Rethinking the Western Tradition David Bromwich Yale University Gerald Graff University of Illinois at Chicago Geoffrey Hartman Yale University Samuel Lipman (deceased) The New Criterion Gary Saul Morson Northwestern University Jaroslav Pelikan (deceased) Yale University Marjorie Perloff Stanford University Richard Rorty Stanford University Alan Ryan New College, Oxford Ian Shapiro Yale University Frank M. Turner Yale University Allen W. Wood Stanford University Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History IMMANUEL KANT Edited and with an Introduction by Pauline Kleingeld Translated by David L. Colclasure with essays by Jeremy Waldron Michael W. Doyle Allen W. Wood Yale University Press New Haven and London The editor gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Published with assistance from the Annie Burr Lewis Fund. Copyright ∫ 2006 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804. [Selections. English. 2006] Toward perpetual peace and other writings on politics, peace, and history / Immanuel Kant ; edited and with an introduction by Pauline Kleingeld ; translated by David L. Colclasure ; with essays by Jeremy Waldron, Michael W. Doyle, Allen W. Wood. p. cm. — (Rethinking the Western tradition) Includes bibliographical references. isbn-13: 978-0-300-11794-3 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-300-11794-9 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-13: 978-0-300-11070-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-300-11070-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Peace. 2. Political science—Philosophy. I. Kleingeld, Pauline. II. Waldron, Jeremy. III. Doyle, Michael W., 1948– IV. Wood, Allen W. V. Title. VI. Series. jz5538.k36 2006 303.6%6—dc22 2006004019 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10987654321 Contributors David L. Colclasure is assistant professor and head of the German Studies Program at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. Michael W. Doyle is Harold Brown Professor of International Affairs, Law and Political Science at Columbia University. Pauline Kleingeld is professor of philosophy at Leiden University, the Netherlands. Jeremy Waldron is professor of law at the New York University Law School. Allen W. Wood is Ward W. and Priscilla B. Woods Professor at Stanford University. Contents A Brief Sketch of Kant’s Life and Works ix A Note on the Texts xi A Note on the Translation xiii Abbreviations xiv Editor’s Introduction xv Texts Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective 3 An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment? 17 Conjectural Beginning of Human History 24 Critique of Judgment, § 83–§ 84 37 On the Common Saying: This May Be True in Theory, but It Does Not Hold in Practice, Parts 2 and 3 44 Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 67 Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Right, § 43–§ 62 110 The Contest of the Faculties, Part 2 150 Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, Part 2, Section E 164 Essays Kant’s Theory of the State 179 Jeremy Waldron Kant and Liberal Internationalism 201 Michael W. Doyle Kant’s Philosophy of History 243 Allen W. Wood Bibliography 263 A Brief Sketch of Kant’s Life and Works Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, in 1724, as the son of a harness maker. He attended the local university, and from 1747 to 1754 he worked as a private tutor. During this time he submitted two essays as dissertations, which qualified him for a position as an unsalaried instructor at the Königsberg university. He lectured on a broad range of courses in philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences, living off his students’ course fees and publishing a number of works in philosophy and the natural sciences. His goal was to become a philosophy professor in Königsberg, however, and he rejected several other offers before becoming Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Königsberg in 1770. This was the start of the so-called silent decade during which Kant published very little and worked out the arguments of the book with which he would establish his lasting reputation: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781). In this work, Kant examines the limits and scope of human knowledge, especially metaphysical knowledge. His revolutionary approach was based on the assumption that the specific makeup of the human cognitive faculties deter- mines crucial structural features of how world appears to us and, at the same time, sets radical limits to metaphysical knowledge. Initial misunderstand- ings among his readers prompted Kant to restate his views in the Prole- gomena (1783). Once the revolutionary nature of his theory was under- stood, Kant became famous. In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant stressed the importance of his new approach for ethics, and a few years later he went on to publish two ground- breaking works in ethical theory: the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) and the Critique of Practical Reason (1788). During this time, Kant also wrote the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (1786). During the 1780s he published a number of essays in the philosophy of history, touching on matters of politics and international peace: ‘‘Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective’’ (1784), ‘‘An An- swer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?’’ (1784), and ‘‘Conjectural Beginning of Human History’’ (1786). In 1790 he published the Critique of x Kant’s Life and Works Judgment, in which he expounds his theory of aesthetics and theory of biology. His 1793 book, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, involved him in a conflict with the censor. During the 1790s Kant’s interest in political theory and practice intensified, as a consequence, no doubt, of the French Revolution and its aftermath. This is evident in ‘‘On the Com- mon Saying: This May Be True in Theory, but It Does Not Hold in Prac- tice’’ (1793), Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797). In 1798 Kant published The Contest of the Faculties and Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, the latter based on his very popular lectures on the subject. During the final years of his life Kant suffered from Alzheimer’s disease. He died in Königsberg in 1804. A Note on the Texts This collection contains Kant’s main writings, published during his life- time, on politics, peace, and history, in a new translation by David L. Colclasure. The translation was based on the text in Kants gesammelte Schriften, edited by the Royal Prussian (later German) Academy of Sci- ences (Berlin: Georg Reimer, subsequently Walter de Gruyter, 1902–), also called the Akademie edition. Below is a list of the texts included in this volume, with their location in the Akademie edition (volume number: pages), their German title, and bibliographical details of their first publication. The date of the second edition is mentioned where the editors of the Akademie edition used this as their source. ‘‘Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective’’ (Ak 8:15–31) [‘‘Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht’’] Berlinische Monatsschrift, November 1784 ‘‘An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?’’ (Ak 8:33–42) [‘‘Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?’’] Berlinische Monatsschrift, December 1784 ‘‘Conjectural Beginning of Human History’’ (Ak 8:107–23) [‘‘Mutmaßlicher Anfang der Menschengeschichte’’] Berlinische Monatsschrift, January 1786 Critique of Judgment (entire book: Ak 5:165–485; selected text: § 83– § 84: 5:429–36) [Kritik der Urteilskraft] Berlin and Libau: Lagarde and Friederich, 1790 The Akademie edition is based on the second edition, 1793. ‘‘On the Common Saying: This May Be True in Theory, but It Does Not Hold in Practice’’ (Ak 8:273–313; part 2, 289–306, and 3, 307–13) xii A Note on the Texts [‘‘Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis’’] Berlinische Monatsschrift, September 1793 Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Ak 8:341–86) [Zum ewigen Frieden: Ein philosophischer Entwurf ] Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1795 The Akademie edition is based on the second, augmented edition, 1796. Metaphysics of Morals (entire book: Ak 6:203–493; selected text: § 43– § 62: 6:309–55) [Metaphysik der Sitten] The selected text was first published in Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre. Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, in early 1797. This book was later published together with the Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Tugendlehre under the title Metaphysik der Sitten (Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1797). The Akademie edition is based on the text of the second edition of the Rechtslehre (Doctrine of Right), from 1798. The Contest of the Faculties (entire text: Ak 7:1–116; selected text: part 2, 7:77–94) [Der Streit der Fakultäten] Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1798 Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (entire book: Ak 7:117– 333; selected text: 7:321–33) [Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht] Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1798 The Akademie edition is based on the second edition, 1800. A Note on the Translation Translating is not a mechanical endeavor.