IMISCOE jandl This book is directed at researchers and policymakers at all levels and is intended to REPORTS stimulate fresh thinking for the development of unconventional and innovative ideas for migration policymaking. The papers in this edited volume are the results of a joint ( ed. ICMPD/IMISCOE workshop on Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration ) Policies, held at the International Centre for Migration Policy Development in Vienna in 2006, with the participation of migration researchers, policymakers and Concepts Innovative for Alternative Migration Policies representatives of international organisations. Based on the strengths of the combined Innovative Concepts for ideas presented by the authors of these ten short papers, eight basic principles for the design of innovative migration policy approaches are presented and developed. Alternative Migration Michael Jandl is Senior Research Officer at the International Centre for Migration Policy Development in Vienna. Born in Graz, Austria, in 1970, he holds a Masters Degree in Economics from the University of Graz, a Master of Public Administration from Harvard University and a PhD in Political Science from the University of Vienna. Policies He has been working on migration research in a variety of areas for over ten years, ranging from the economics of migration, the comparative analysis of migration, refugee Ten Innovative Approaches to and asylum policies to more recent research on irregular migrant work, illegal migration and human smuggling. the Challenges of Migration in 21 “This is a book well-thought through on a very timely and important topic. The contributors are all experts in their the st Century fields who offer stimulating proposals for better ideas to control immigration to welfare states in Europe.” Leo Lucassen, Leiden University and University of Amsterdam michael jandl (ed.) “These ten papers stimulate new policy thinking and rethinking. They succeed in pushing forward the analysis of managing new migration.” Philip Martin, University of California, Davis “I congratulate the editor for this innovative approach indeed. If the purpose of this book is to start discussions on new policy options it certainly will reach its goal. Every chapter leads to a number of questions for the interested reader and policymaker.” Philip Muus, Malmö University in 978 90 5356 990 0 amedam niei e · .a.nl Amsterdam University Press Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion) IMISCOE is a European Commission-funded Network of Excellence of more than 350 scientists from various research institutes that specialise in migration and integration issues in Europe. These researchers, who come from all branches of the economic and social sciences, the huma- nities and law, implement an integrated, multidisciplinary and interna- tionally comparative research programme that focuses on Europe’s mi- gration and integration challenges. Within the programme, existing research is integrated and new re- search lines are developed to address issues crucial to European-level policymaking and provide a theory-based design to implement new re- search. The publication programme of IMISCOE is based on five distinct publica- tion profiles, designed to make its research and results available to scientists, policymakers and the public at large. High-quality manu- scripts written by – or in cooperation with – IMISCOE members are pub- lished in these five series. An editorial committee coordinates the re- view process of the manuscripts. The five series are: 1. Joint Studies 2. Research 3. Dissertations 4. Reports 5. Textbooks More information on the network can be found at www.imiscoe.org. IMISCOE Reports includes publications resulting from research of IMISCOE members, such as research monographs and edited volumes. Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies Ten Innovative Approaches to the Challenges of Migration in the 21st Century Michael Jandl (Ed.) International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) IMISCOE Reports Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer BNO, Amsterdam Layout: Fito Prepublishing, Almere ISBN 978 90 5356 990 0 NUR 741 / 763 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2007 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright re- served above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or in- troduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Contents Foreword 9 Introduction and overview 11 Michael Jandl, ICMPD Introductory remarks 11 Structure of the book 11 Ten proposals for innovative migration policies 12 A little quote before we start 16 Temporary Migration Programmes: potential, problems and prerequisites 19 Jeff Crisp, UNHCR Introduction 19 Absorbing surplus labour 20 Economic and political returns for countries of origin 21 Meeting labour needs in the industrialised states 23 Overcoming the constraints and limitations of TMPs 24 Conclusion 26 A new European employment migration policy 29 Teun J.P. van Os van den Abeelen, ACVZ The issue 29 The need for employment migration 30 The proposed temporary migration system for employment 31 Clarification of the temporary migration system 33 And finally 36 People Flow revisited: constructive management of changing patterns of migration 37 Theo Veenkamp, DEMOS Introduction to the updated People Flow approach 37 The core innovation: multiple track partial privatisation of the gatekeeper’s function 41 Concluding remarks 44 6 INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR ALTERNATIVE MIGRATION POLICIES Towards sustainable migration policies 47 Franck Du¨vell, COMPAS Introduction 47 Migration conflicts, failing controls and dissatisfying concepts 47 Sustainability and sustainable conflict resolution 50 Applying sustainable conflict resolution principles to migration 52 Suggestions for implementation and examples of SCR processes in migration 54 Conclusion 55 Co-development: a myth or a workable policy approach? 59 Jonathan Chaloff, CeSPI Co-development: the maturation of a catch phrase 59 Transnational integration: fostering mobility and circular migration 60 Investment in the network and not the individual 63 Refocusing attention from the transnational to the translocal 64 Some final remarks 64 Imagining policy as a means to innovation: the case for a mobile middle-aged 67 John Davies, SCMR Thinking about migration policy 67 An apparently irrational policy proposal 71 Conclusion 76 In-country ‘refugee’ processing arrangements: a humanitarian alternative? 79 Judith Kumin, UNHCR Brussels Introduction 79 Is this option worth pursuing? Pros and cons 80 An example: Canada’s Source Country Class 81 An example: the US ‘in-country’ processing arrangement 82 Is this an option for Europe? 83 The way forward 84 Open borders, close monitoring 89 Jeroen Doomernik, IMES Present migration controls and their failings 89 Just and sensible criteria for a migration control system 92 Labour markets and migrants 92 Refugee protection 94 Conclusion 95 CONTENTS 7 The Development Visa Scheme revisited 99 Michael Jandl, ICMPD Introduction 99 The problem: a growing human smuggling industry 99 What the DV Scheme is meant to achieve and what not 101 The rules of the game 101 Tripartion of DV fees 103 The DV Social Security Deposit (DVSSD) 103 Continuous adaptation and DV pilot project 104 Objections to the DV Scheme 104 Conclusion 106 Pricing entrance fees for migrants 109 Holger Kolb, IMIS A realistic liberal economic approach 109 Curbing illegal migration through market mechanisms 111 Markets and state regulation 112 Conclusion 114 Conclusion 121 Michael Jandl, ICMPD Common themes and principles in the search for innovative migration policies 122 Outlook 125 Workshop programme 127 International Workshop on Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies 127 Conference report 129 Rapporteurs: Haleh Chahrokh, Radoslaw Stryjewski and Brigitte Suter, ICMPD ICMPD/IMISCOE Workshop on Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies 129 List of participants 153 International Workshop on Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies 153 About the authors 155 Foreword Towards the end of 2005, extensive media coverage of the tragic events in Ceuta and Melilla, where several hundred desperate but determined migrants had stormed the protective fences of these tiny Spanish ex- claves to get into EU territory, reminded us once again that traditional mechanisms of migration management have run into severe trouble and that new, innovative concepts for the regulation of migration are called for. Yet, new ideas for regulating regular migration, dealing with irregular migration and providing international protection to those in need of it remain elusive and untested. While several innovative con- cepts have been suggested over the past few years – such as the ‘People Flow’ approach spearheaded by Theo Veenkamp, the ‘Migration Tax’ proposal by Jagdhish Baghwati or the ‘Auctioning of work permits’ sug- gested by Thomas Straubhaar – there is no serious discussion of these either at the policy level or among migration researchers. To address this yawning gap between the daily realities of migration events, shaping the policy agendas of governments around the world – and the analytical world of migration researchers concerned with scien- tific description and explanation rather than prescription