EGGPLANT, PEPPER, AND TOMATO PRODUCTION GUIDE FOR GUAM Production and IPM Practices for Solanaceous Crops in Guam 2002 Guam Cooperative Extension College of Agriculture & Life Sciences University of Guam 2nd edition 2016 Preface (Second Edition) Eggplant, Pepper, and Tomato Production Guide for Guam - Production and IPM Practices for Solanaceous crops in Guam (Second Edition) is a revised edition of the textbook Eggplant, Pepper, and Tomato Produc- tion for Guam published in 1998 by Guam Cooperative Extension. The second edition was funded by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Crop Protection and Pest Management (USDA-NIFA-CPPM) Grant, Awards No. 2014-70006-22504. The content of the second edition is that of the original with the exception of a few small revisions and updates. During the course of writing the second edition, the original authors were solicited for comments. Additional contributors to the second edition include Samantha J. Danguilan, Dr. Kai-Shu Ling, Sheeka Jo A. Tareyama, and Roger Brown. Robert L. Schlub Extension Specialist University of Guam Guam Cooperative Extension UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 [email protected] CONVERSION TABLE LIQUID AREA 1 tablespoon (T, tbsp) = 3 teaspoons (t, ts, tspn) 1 acre (A) = 43,560 square feet (sq ft) 1 U.S. fluid ounce (fl oz) = 2 Tablespoons 1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres 1 cup (C) = 8 fl oz 1 A = 0.405 ha 1 pint (pt) = 16 fl oz 1 gallon (gal) = 3.785 liters (L) = 128 fl oz YIELD OR RATE 1 lb/A = 1.12 kg/ha 1 quart = 946 milliliters (ml) 1 gallon/acre = 9.35 L/ha 1 fluid ounce = 29.54 ml 1 mile per hour (mph) = 1.6 km per hour (kh) 1 liter = 1.06 qt = 0.264 gal 1 kg/ha = 0.892 lbs/A 1 gallon/minute = 3.785 liters/minute DRY 1 ox = 28.35 grams (g) 1 pound (lb, lbs) = 454 g = 16 oz TEMPERATURE °F = (9/ • °C) + 32 1 ton = 2,000 lbs 5 °C = 5/ (°F - 32) 1 hundredweight = 100 lbs 9 1 gram = 0.0353 oz 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 lbs 1 kg = 1,000 g 1 metric ton (MT) = 1.1 tons 1 cup of granular fertilizer = 217.6 g = 0.478 lbs For easy conversion, go to http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/conversions.html Brief Contents Part 1. Getting Started Chapter 1. Nomenclature ..................................................4 Chapter 2. Growth and Development .........................................6 Chapter 3. Production and IPM Pest Prevention ...............................13 Chapter 4. Irrigation, Fertigation, and Drainage ................................32 Chapter 5. Harvest and Postharvest Handling .................................37 Chapter 6. Container Gardening and Horticultural Therapy .......................41 Chapter 7. Nutrition and Recipes. 44 Part 2. The Economics of Farming Chapter 8. Developing Budgets ............................................56 Chapter 9. Economic Assessment ..........................................62 Chapter 10. Financial Assistance to Guam’s Farmers Provided by Guam’s Agricultural Development Fund (ADF) ............................67 Part 3. Plant Problems and IPM Solutions Chapter 11. Trouble Shooting Problems ......................................76 Chapter 12. Plant Diseases ...............................................79 Chapter 13. Animal Pests ................................................105 Chapter 14. Insects and Mites ............................................107 Chapter 15. Weeds .....................................................127 Chapter 16. Regulations Regarding the Importation of Propagative Plant Material ....133 Chapter 17. Pesticide Safety .............................................137 Part 4. Appendices Appendix 1. Eggplant, Pepper, and Tomato Production Summary .................142 Appendix 2. Guam Variety Evaluation Trials ..................................143 Appendix 3. Guam Farmer Survey .........................................152 Appendix 4. Seed Company Information ....................................158 Appendix 5. Helpful Resources ...........................................161 Selected References ...................................................167 Glossary .............................................................169 Color Plates ..........................................................174 Table of Contents Contents Foreword .......................................................1 Contributors and Acknowledgements ................................2 Part 1. Getting Started Chapter 1. Nomenclature ..........................................4 Chapter 2. Growth and Development ................................6 Germination and Emergence ..............................................6 Growth ...............................................................7 Flowering and Fruit Development ..........................................10 Chapter 3. Production and IPM Pest Prevention ......................13 Yield and IPM Pest Prevention ............................................13 Crop Selection ........................................................13 Eggplant ..........................................................14 Pepper .............................................................6 Tomato. .16 Site Selection .........................................................20 Soil Sampling ......................................................20 Soil pH ............................................................20 Soil Salinity ........................................................21 Soil Texture ........................................................21 Soil Nutrient Analysis. .22 Windbreaks ........................................................22 Site Preparation .......................................................22 Soil Tillage .........................................................22 Weed Control ......................................................23 Windbreaks ........................................................23 Planting and Cultivation .................................................24 Direct Seedling .....................................................24 Transplants ........................................................24 Field-Ready Transplants ..............................................25 Staking, Trellising, and Caging .........................................25 Pruning ...........................................................25 Producing and Storing Seeds ..........................................27 Typhoon Preparations ................................................27 Synthetic Plant Growth Regulators ......................................27 Fertilization and Liming ..................................................28 Nutrient Symptom Resulting from Deficiencies and Excesses ....................30 Chapter 4. Irrigation, Fertigation, and Drainage .......................32 Irrigation Methods ......................................................32 Irrigation Scheduling ....................................................32 Drainage .............................................................34 Fertigation ............................................................34 Equipment Requirements and Procedures ................................35 Chapter 5. Harvest and Postharvest Handling ........................37 Harvest Time. .37 Postharvest Losses ....................................................37 Harvesting and Postharvest Handling Practices. .39 Harvesting .........................................................39 Sorting ............................................................40 Cleaning ..........................................................40 Storage ...........................................................40 Packaging .........................................................40 Chapter 6. Container Gardening and Horticultural Therapy .............41 Gardening for Health ...................................................41 Getting Started ........................................................42 Crop Selection ......................................................42 Growing Media .....................................................42 Containers .........................................................42 Fertilization ........................................................42 Watering ..........................................................43 Light. .43 Chapter 7. Nutrition and Recipes ...................................44 Reasons for a Plant-Based Diet ...........................................44 Nutritional Value .......................................................44 Preparation and Preservation .............................................45 Eggplant ..........................................................45 Tomato. .45 Sweet Bell Pepper ...................................................45 Recipes ...........................................................46 Part 2. The Economics of Farming Chapter 8. Developing Budgets ....................................56 Cost and Environmental Benefits from IPM ..................................56 Estimating Costs .......................................................58 Variable Costs ......................................................58 Fixed Costs ........................................................59 Allocating Whole Farm Costs to Individual Plantings ...........................59 Estimating Quantities to be Harvested ......................................60 Breakeven Price .......................................................60 Estimating Your Selling Price .............................................61 Chapter 9. Economic Assessment