Name: __________________________________________ Block: ______ English II: Price 1. Noun – names a person, place, thing, or an idea. a. Common noun – names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas. b. Proper noun – names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. c. Compound noun – consists of two or more words that together name a person, place, thing, or idea. d. Concrete noun – names a person, place, thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses. e. Abstract noun – names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic. f. Collective noun – names a group of people, animals, or things. 2. Pronoun – takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns. a. Antecedent – the word or word group that a pronoun stands for. b. Personal pronouns – refers to the one(s) speaking (first person), the one(s) spoken to (second person), or the one(s) spoken about (third person). Singular Plural First person I, me, my, mine We, us, our, ours Second person You, your, yours You, your, yours Third person He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its They, them, their, theirs c. Case Forms of Personal Pronouns – form that a pronoun takes to show its relationship to other words in a sentence. Case Forms of Personal Pronouns Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person I We Me Us My, mine Our, ours Second Person You You You You Your, yours Your, yours Third Person He, she, it they Him her it them His, her, hers, its Their, theirs d. Nominative Case – pronouns used as subjects. e. Objective Case – pronouns used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions. f. Possessive Case – pronouns used to show ownership or possession. g. Reflexive pronoun – refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or an object of a preposition. h. Intensive pronoun – emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function in the sentence (you can take an intensive pronoun out of the sentence and it still understandable) Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Singular Plural First person Myself ourselves Second person Yourself yourselves Third person Himself, herself, itself themselves i. Demonstrative pronoun – points out a person, place, thing or idea. This That These Those j. Interrogative pronoun – introduces a question. Who Whom Which What Whose 1 Name: __________________________________________ Block: ______ English II: Price k. Relative pronoun – introduces a subordinate clause. That Which Who (nominative case) Whom (objective case) Whose l. Indefinite pronoun – refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named. All Each Most One other another Another Either Much Other Any Everybody Neither Several Anybody Everyone Nobody Some Anyone Everything None Somebody Anything Few On one Someone Both Many Nothing Something Each More One Such 3. Adjectives – modifies a noun or a pronoun (what kind, which one, how many, or how much) a. Articles – most frequently used adjectives (a, an, the) b. Indefinite article – refer to any member of a general group. A (used before a word beginning An (used before a word with a consonant sound) beginning with a vowel sound c. Definite article – refers to someone or something in particular. [the] 4. Verb – expresses action or a state of being. a. Verb phrase – consists of one main verb and one or more helping verbs (auxiliary verbs) i. Helping verbs - verbs that help the main verb in a sentence by extending its meaning. They can also add detail to how time is conveyed in a sentence. ii. Modal – an auxiliary verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb. Commonly Used Helping Verbs Forms of “be” am be being was are been is were Forms of had has have having “have” Forms of “do” did do does Modals can might shall would could must should may ought will b. Action verb – expresses either physical or mental activity 2 Name: __________________________________________ Block: ______ English II: Price c. Linking verb – connects the subject to a word or word group that identify or describes the subject. Commonly Used Linking Verbs Forms of “be” Be Are Will be Shall have been Might be Could be Being Was Has been Will have been Must be Should have been Am Were Have been Can be Should be Would have been Is Shall be Had been May be Would be Could have been Others Appear Feel Look Seem Sound Taste become Grow Remain Smell Stay Turn d. Transitive verb – has an object (a word that tells who or what receives the action of the verb) e. Intransitive verb – does NOT have an object (ALL linking verbs are intransitive) 5. Adverb – modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 6. Prepositions – is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun (object of the preposition) to another word. a. Object of the preposition – noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase. b. Prepositional phrase – consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Commonly Used Prepositions Aboard Along Behind Beyond Except Like Outside Toward With About Amid Below But (except) For Near Over Under Within Above Among Beneath By From Of Past Underneath Without Across Around Beside Concerning In Off Since Until After At Besides Down Inside On Through Up Against Before Between During Into Onto To Upon c. Compound preposition – a preposition that consists of two or more words Commonly Used Compound Prepositions According to In addition to Instead of Because of In front of On account of By means of In spite of Prior to 7. Conjunctions – joins words or word groups. a. Coordinating conjunction – join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Coordinating Conjunctions For But And Or Nor Yet So 3 Name: __________________________________________ Block: ______ English II: Price b. Correlative conjunctions – are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Correlative Conjunctions Both….and Not only….but also Either….or Whether….or Neither….nor c. Conjunctive adverbs – Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence; when using a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it. Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbs Accordingly Consequently However Meanwhile Nonetheless Then Also Finally Incidentally Moreover Now Thereafter Anyway Further Indeed Namely Otherwise Therefore Besides Furthermore Instead Nevertheless Similarly Thus Certainly Hence Likewise Next Still Undoubtedly d. Subordinating conjunction – a word that shows the relationship between the adverb clause and the word or words that the clause modifies; does not serve a grammatical function in the clause it introduces. Common Subordinating Conjunctions After Before Unless As soon as So that While Although Even though Until As though Than Why As If When As well as Though As if In order that Whenever Because Wherever As long as Provided that Where Since Whether 8. Interjections – expresses emotion; an interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. 4 .