ABC for Local Government Elections, The, 82n10 Alliance for Change (AFC): emergence of, 145; Aboriginal Indian Ordinances, 437 ethnic identification with, 108; manifesto Abraham, Diana, xviii, xix on gender issues, 405, 407–8; motion of Adams, Vincanne, 494 no-confidence against Ramotar’s Adamson, Alan, 97 government, 12; popular support of, African-Guyanese people: desire to emigrate xxviii, 92, 108, 109; women among, 142; marginalisation of, xii, representative in parliaments, 409 105–6, 126, 144; mistrust in judicial Alliance for Guyana (AFG), 405, 406, 409 system, 142; political attitudes of, Ally, Fazal, 226 139–42; violence of, xvi, 106; voting Ally, Hydar, 16 preferences, 107–8, 108, 109–10. See also Alves, Patricia, 378 maroon communities Americas Watch, 197 African liberation army: violence of, 18–19 Amerindian Acts, 67, 330, 331, 437–38, 439, 440 African Society for Cultural Relations with Amerindian Lands Commission (ALC), 438 Independent Africa (ASCRIA), 189–90 Amerindian people: communal values, 457; crop agriculture: contract relationships, 233n32; cultivation, 456; cultural exchanges, cooperatives, 455, 456; costs of, 99; 447n5; dependence on forests, 330; drainage and irrigation, 223, 224; economic practices, xxv, 447n5, 456, historical development of, 93; internal 461; environmental insecurity of, xx, 341, market, 100; lack of diversification, 217; 439; legal status of, xx; marginalisation nationalisation of, 486; in neoliberal of, 431; nine-tribes model, 447n5; economy, 225–26; polder system in, 99; occupations, 442; population statistics, prospects of, 230; rapid development of, xxviii, 355n3, 475n12; recognition 187. See also farming; rice industry; policies, 326, 431, 437, 440–41, 446; sugar industry rights to territory and resources, xxiv, Ahmed, S., 315 331; state’s relationship with, xxiii–xxiv, Aksharananda, Swami, 291n10, 515 xxv, 439, 455; villagisation of, 455, 456 Alexander, Jacqui, 170 Amerindian village communities: collective land Alkire, Sabina, 243 titles of, 331, 435–36, 440, 455; constrain Alleyne, Francis, 515 of autonomy of, 441; exodus of members, 456; government control over, 456; 1 impact of mining on, 436, 442–43; auditor general office: audit of public accounts by, interviews with, 442; land claims, 438, 38–40, 41; autonomy of, 54, 59; 440–41; political patronage of, 473; constitutional amendments concerning, reliance on river, 435 50; criticism of, 41–42; fiscal reports of, Amerindian women: as ‘buck,’ image of, 444, 42, 43; lack of integrity, 23–24; mandate 446, 448n21; circulating representations of, 44, 54; recommendations on of, 445–46; decision-making practices, government’s financial management, 40 457; economic activities, 457–58; authoritarianism, xxviii, xxix–xxx, xxxi–xxxii, 3, prostitution, 443; sexual violence against, 4, 9 444–45; social status of, xxiv, 444; trafficking in persons (TIP) cases, 443, Bahamas, 94, 95, 95, 96, 399 445 Balgobin, Rajin, 515 Amin, Ash, 472 Barama Company Limited (BCL), 344, 345, 348, Amnesty International, 26 356n11, 357n14 Anand, Sudhir, 243 Barbados, 94, 95, 95, 96, 180, 319 Andaiye (women activist), 137, 138, 162, 172, Bare Root village, 371, 372, 373, 376 175n43, 175n45 Barkin, David, 472, 475n11 Anglophone Caribbean states, 3–4, 5, 29n5 Barrow-Giles, Cynthia, 410 anticolonial movement, 374 Bartica, town of, 434 Anti-Money Laundering and Countering of Bateman, Milford, 459 Financing of Terrorists Act (2009), bauxite industry, 37, 114, 150n26, 229, 271–72, 56–57, 58–59 328 anti-violence activism, xvii, 165 Bavikatte, Sanjay Kabir, 508 APNU-AFC coalition government, xxxi, 429, Belize, 305, 395, 398, 400–401, 507 473, 501–2 Benjamin, Anna, 26 Arnstein, Sherry, 76 Benjamin, Kenneth, xxxi, 507 Artistes in Direct Support, 507 Bernard, Deryck, 510 asafoetida, 379, 391n8 Bernard, Desiree, 133, 156 Atoyan, Ruben, 272 bi-communal societies, xvi, 91, 97, 98, 115 Audit Act (2004), 54–55 Bishop, Andrew, 339 Black, D.A., 337 2 Black Bush Polder LSS, 224 297, 306–7, 321; Guyana’s strategic Botswana, 94, 95, 96, 96 advantage for, 303–4, 306; promotion of, Brama, Nandlall, 122 321–22; recruitment advertisements of, British Guiana: nationalist movement, 180–81, 299–300; as site of multiple 182; path to independence, 182–83 sovereignties, 321 British Guiana Rice Development Company call centre workers: communication with abusive (BGRDC), 224 callers, 315, 317–18; customer service, Broek, D. Van den, 311 314, 315; customers’ feedback, 305, 318; Brotherson, Wendell, 504 demographics, 301, 307; exploitation of, Buchanan, James M., 68 312–13; grammatical tests for, 316; high Bulkan, Arif, xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xxiii, xxxi, 511 turnover of, 311–12, 313; holidays, 318; Bulkan, Janette, xx incentives for, xx, 309, 322n12; Burnham, Forbes: criticism of US administration, insecurity of, 319; interviews with, 191; death of, x; education policy, 270; 297–98, 300; linguistic advantage of, establishment of People’s National 304–5, 315–16; public shaming of, 311; Congress, 155; intolerance to criticism, qualities of good, 310–11; recruitment of, xxxi; nationalist views of, 186; political 299–300; social status of, 319; stress of, career, 6, 8, 81n7, 439; remarks on 313, 320–21; training programme, Guyanese identity, 380; socialist policy, 316–17; wages of, 307, 308–10, 320; 374, 498n5; support base of, 184 work environment, 311, 314–15, 318–19 Bush, George, 196 Cameron, Jenny, 469, 472 ‘bush,’ circulating ideas about, 434, 436–37, 446 canals: littering of, 488. See also Hope Canal business-processing outsourcing firms (BPOs), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 66, 94, 301 129–30, 156, 203, 303, 418 Bynoe, Ivan, 68, 77 Caribbean Development Research Services Inc Bynoe, Philip, 356n13, 357n13 (CADRES), 517 Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF), Calder, Jason, 104 55, 56, 57 call centres: analysis of, 299–300; economic niche Carney, Judith, 218, 231–32n15, 232n16 of, 301–2; feminization of, xx, 310; Carnoy, Martin, 272 geography of outsourced, 303; growth of, Carr, Robert, 518 3 Carter, Jimmy, 1, 197, 198, 199 colonialism: legacy of, 3–4; as root of racial Carter, Martin, 120, 170, 379, 389 conflict, 374 cassava, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468–69, 470, 471, coloniality of recognition, 437, 448n17 475n7 colonial underdevelopment trap: economic Castro, Fidel, 518 outcome of, 114; pro-ethnic voting and, Central Tender Board, 49, 50 112–14, 115; roots of, 93, 99–101, 100; Central Timber Manufacturing Plant (CTMP), schematic representations of, 100, 113; 334 theory of, 92, 99 chainsaw logging, 344, 348, 357n13. See also Commission of Inquiry for the Guyana Sugar logging concessions Corporation, 229 Chanderpal, Indranie, 422n4 Commission of Inquiry into the Wismar Chang, Ha-Joon, 459 disturbances (1964), 159, 162 Chang, Ian, xxx Committee for the Defence of the Constitution, 21 Cheema, G., 74 Common External Tariff (CET), 226 Choy, Talia, 68, 77 Community Development Councils, 65 Chronicle, xxxi, 26 Conservancy Adaptation Project (CAP), 483, Churchill, Winston, 181 488–89 civil society organisations, 77, 78–79 Constantine, Collin, 102 Clarke, Seon, 506 Constitutional History of British Guiana Clementi, Cecil: Constitutional History of British (Clementi), 216 Guiana, 216 constitutional reform, xiv, xxviii–xxix, 10, 13–14, climate adaptation projects: economic relations of, 66 480, 484, 494; environment and, 480–81, Constitution of 1980: amendments, 12; on 485; financial support of, 488; as authority of local government, xv, 65, 74, knowledge practice, 495–97; role of state 75; characteristics of, xiii, 7, 10–11; on in, 496. See also Hope Canal education, xix; on executive power, 7; on climate change, 351, 480, 482, 483 ‘integrity’ of the public service, 15; on coastal region, xxv–xxvi, 92–93, 437 limits of president’s term, 12; on Collier, Paul, 109 no-confidence procedure, 12; on political Collymore, Clinton, 83n15 system of the State, 75; on presidential 4 authority, xxx; on presidential elections, Damodar Valley Cooperation model of damming, 11–12; on public finances, 22 486, 497n3 Cooper, Melinda, 480 Danns, George K., 106, 112, 116n2 cooperative socialism, 486, 498n5 Darke, Bernard, 2 Corbin, Robert, 510 Davies, Michael, 19 Cordis, Shanya, xxiii, xxiv D’Cruz, P., 310 corruption, 2, 3, 45, 47 Deadly Ethnic Riot (Horowitz), 122 Costa, Emilia Viotti da, 210 ‘Demerara Crystals,’ 211, 231n5 Council of Freely Elected Heads of Governments, Demerara Timbers Limited (DTL), 330, 344 197 DeMerieux, Margaret, 24 Cowall, Sally, 196 democracy, 62, 139, 188 Cowie, C., 316 Dev, Ravi, 112, 125, 148n13, 516 Craigwell, Antoine, 514 development, concept of, 94 Creole nationalism, 183–84, 189 Diamond Tropical Wood Products (DTWP), 354 Creoles, 328, 430, 445, 446n2 Dictionary of Guyanese Folklore (Seymour), Cricket World Cup, 23 379–80 crime, 2, 121, 135–36, 138, 350–51, 505. See also Dilly, Barbara, 463 Mash jail break disaster capitalism, 480, 481–82, 492, 494–95 Crook, R. C., 72, 74 discount rate: in pro-ethnic voting model, 109, cross-dressing: decriminalization of, 505–6, 507 110, 111, 112, 114; in theory of Crown Lands, 214–15, 221–22, 333 investment, 116–17n7 Cuba: sugar industry in, 210 Doctrine of Paramountcy (Declaration of Sophia), cultural patrimony, 369, 370, 380, 385, 390 64–65 customer sovereignty, myth of, 313–14 Domestic Violence Act, 165, 173n15, 418, 519 Customs Act, 71 drainage management, 483–84, 496 Customs and Excise Department, 17, 48 Drakes, Sean, 514 Customs Duties (Amendment) Bill, 71 Dunn, Leith, 410, 415 Cuyuni River community, 434, 435 Cyril Potter College of Education, 281 East Demerara Water Conservancy (EDWC), 483 East Indian masses (EIMs). See Indian-Guyanese D’Aguiar, Peter, 186 people 5 economic crisis, 37–38, 191–93 Edmonstone, Charles, 218 economic development: between 1957 and 1964, education: constitutional provisions on, xix, 271; 186–87; alternative models of, 474; broad expansion of primary and secondary, 187; indicators of, 94–95; comparative government policy in, xviii–xix, 288, analysis of, 93, 94–97; ethno-political 289–90, 291n11; historical background mobilisation and, 107; financial indicator of, 270–72; as path out of poverty, 237; of, 95; geographic factor in, 97–98; Gini principles of public, 270–71.