MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit „Productivity in Serbian Inflection and Derivation in terms of Natural Morphology” Verfasserin Tijana Radisavljević angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 867 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Allgemeine Linguistik: Grammatiktheorie und kognitive Sprachwissenschaft Betreuer: Emer. O. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Wolfgang U. Dressler Acknowledgements I wish to thank a lot of people that have contributed to the successful completion of my Master Study. Above all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Prof Dr. Wolfgang U. Dressler, whose immense knowledge and brilliant intellect have influenced me a lot to choose this topic as a main focus during my Master Study at the University of Vienna. Special thanks go to all my professors, to friends from Serbia and to my University colleagues, among whom Milena and Vladan, for their suggestions and cooperation during this Master thesis, as well as to Katharina, Costanze and Aneta for their useful advice and help. Finally, I would like to thank my family for having made my study in Austria possible and for giving me motivation for proceeding, even in very difficult situations. My particular thanks go to my sister Tanja Jaga for revising my Thesis and keeping my spirits up. I must not forget to convey my special thanks to my boyfriend‟s family, for making our dreams come true as well as for providing me with precious examples (especially of verbs) from the Serbian language. Last, but not least, I want to thank my boyfriend, for his endless love, immense support and patience during the writing of this Thesis. Vienna, 2013 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1. The framework of Natural Morphology.......................................................................................... 3 1.1. First subtheory- Universal markedness ................................................................................. 3 1.2. Second subtheory- Typological adequacy ............................................................................ 8 1.3. Third subtheory- Language specific system adequacy ....................................................... 9 1.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 10 2. Productivity ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.2. What is productivity? - Qualitative approaches .................................................................. 12 2.2.1. Earlier theories on productivity ...................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Productivity within NM framework- grammatical productivity ................................... 13 2.2.3. Productivity and the interaction with other factors ...................................................... 15 2.2.4. Productivity vs. creativity ................................................................................................ 17 2.2.5. Productivity on the level of norms ................................................................................. 18 2.3. How to measure productivity? - Quantitative approaches ................................................ 21 2.3.1. Aronoff‟s (1976) productivity index................................................................................ 21 2.3.2. Baayen‟s (& Lieber, 1991; 1992) productivity measures ........................................... 23 2.4. Productivity within psycholinguistic models ........................................................................ 26 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 29 3. Short sociolinguistic view on Serbian ......................................................................................... 30 4. Productivity in Inflection................................................................................................................. 32 4.1. An overview of Serbian nominal morphology ..................................................................... 34 4.1.1. Traditional classification of Serbian nouns .................................................................. 35 4.1.2. New classification of Serbian nouns ............................................................................. 37 4.1.3. Grammatical productivity of Serbian nominal classes ............................................... 42 4.2. An overview of Serbian verbal morphology ........................................................................ 51 4.2.1. Inflectional productivity of Serbian verbal classes ...................................................... 53 5. Derivation vs. Inflection ................................................................................................................. 59 5.1. Traditional approaches to distinction derivation vs. inflection .......................................... 59 5.2. Derivation-Inflection Continuum (within NM) ...................................................................... 62 6. Productivity in Derivation............................................................................................................... 63 6.1. The syntagmatic dimension of productivity in derivation .................................................. 64 6.2. The paradigmatic dimension of productivity in derivation ................................................. 66 6.2.1. The scale of the probability of the application of WFRs ............................................ 66 6.2.2. Analogical formation ........................................................................................................ 67 6.3. Evaluative morphology in Serbian ........................................................................................ 70 6.3.1. Structure of Serbian diminutives ................................................................................... 70 6.3.2. Non-prototypical nature of diminutives ......................................................................... 72 6.3.3. Augmentative noun suffixation ...................................................................................... 74 6.3.4. Productivity of Serbian evaluative suffixes .................................................................. 76 6.4. Nomina agentis and feminine motion and their productivity ............................................ 77 6.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 80 7. Evidence for productivity from First Language Acquisition ..................................................... 81 7.1. Early productivity in noun inflection ...................................................................................... 83 7.2. Early productivity in verb inflection ....................................................................................... 85 7.3. Early productivity in derivation-diminutives ......................................................................... 86 7.4. Early productivity in derivation-agent nouns and feminine motion .................................. 88 8. Some typological notes on Serbian productive morphology ................................................... 90 8.1. The inflectional class system from a typological point of view ......................................... 90 8.2. The Word Formation from a typological point of view ....................................................... 91 8.3. Typology and First Language Acquisition ........................................................................... 93 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 95 References .......................................................................................................................................... 99 Abstract (English) ............................................................................................................................. 105 Abstract (German) ............................................................................................................................ 106 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 108 Curriculum vitae ................................................................................................................................ 109 Introduction „Cross-linguistically frequent‟, „intuitively plausible‟, „cognitively simple‟, „elementary‟, „universally preferred‟, „unmarked‟ are all expressions that have been used in the morphological literature to describe the phenomenon of „naturalness‟ and „natural‟ morphological processes, rules or coinages in both synchronic and diachronic change. This concept of naturalness in morphology is a gradual process and one morphological unit is felt as more or less „natural‟ to native speakers‟ ears and their grammatical knowledge. The framework