Creating Smart Enterprises Leveraging Cloud, Big Data, Web, Social Media, Mobile and IoT Technologies Creating Smart Enterprises Leveraging Cloud, Big Data, Web, Social Media, Mobile and IoT Technologies By Vivek Kale CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 Vivek Kale CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-5128-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Classification: LCC HD45 .K285 2017 | DDC 658.4/0630285--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017019839 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To My wife, Girija who made me a better man, And whose smile brings light into my days. Your love and support encouraged me to chase my dreams, And any small success I have reached is as much yours as it is mine. Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................xv List of Tables ...................................................................................................xvii Preface ..............................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................xxiii Author .............................................................................................................. xxv Other Books by Vivek Kale ..........................................................................xxvii 1 VUCA Ecosystem ...................................................................................1 1.1 VUCA Ecosystem .............................................................................1 1.2 Four Industrial Generations ..............................................................3 1.3 Trends ...............................................................................................4 1.3.1 Social Trends ........................................................................4 1.3.2 Organizational Trends ..........................................................5 1.3.3 Business Model Trends .........................................................7 1.3.4 Technology Trends ................................................................8 1.4 From Products to Services to Experiences ..........................................9 1.5 Technology Advancements ..............................................................10 1.6 Digital Economy .............................................................................14 1.7 Intelligent Analysis ..........................................................................17 1.7.1 Intelligence Maturity Model (IMM) ...................................19 1.7.1.1 Data .....................................................................20 1.7.1.2 Communication ...................................................20 1.7.1.3 Information ..........................................................20 1.7.1.4 Concept ...............................................................21 1.7.1.5 Knowledge ...........................................................21 1.7.1.6 Intelligence ...........................................................23 1.7.1.7 Wisdom ...............................................................24 1.8 SMACT Technologies .....................................................................24 1.9 Summary .........................................................................................26 2 Aligning Business and IT Strategy .......................................................27 2.1 Business Strategy .............................................................................28 2.1.1 Evolution of Strategy Management .....................................28 vii viii ◾ Contents 2.1.2.3 Porter’s Framework of Generic Strategies ............ 34 2.1.2.4 Porter’s Value Chain .............................................36 2.2 Information Technology and Information Systems (IT/IS)............. 40 2.2.1 Evolution of IT ...................................................................41 2.2.2 Evolution of IS ....................................................................43 2.2.3 IS/IT Governance .............................................................. 44 2.2.3.1 Alignment IT/IS with Business Strategy ..............45 2.2.3.2 Aligning Business Goals and IT Goals .................48 2.2.3.3 Aligning Business with IT/IS and Business Value from IT ......................................................49 2.2.3.4 Governance Frameworks ......................................49 2.3 Summary .........................................................................................53 3 Enterprise Security ...............................................................................55 3.1 Concept of Security .........................................................................56 3.1.1 The Triad of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability ......56 3.1.1.1 Confidentiality .....................................................56 3.1.1.2 Integrity ...............................................................56 3.1.1.3 Availability ...........................................................57 3.1.2 Types of Attacks ..................................................................57 3.1.2.1 Interception ..........................................................57 3.1.2.2 Interruption .........................................................57 3.1.2.3 Modification ........................................................57 3.1.2.4 Fabrication ...........................................................58 3.1.3 Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Risk .......................................58 3.1.3.1 Threats .................................................................58 3.1.3.2 Vulnerabilities ......................................................58 3.1.3.3 Risk ......................................................................58 3.1.4 Controls ..............................................................................59 3.1.4.1 Physical ................................................................59 3.1.4.2 Logical .................................................................59 3.1.4.3 Administrative .....................................................59 3.1.5 Defense in Depth ................................................................60 3.2 Identification ...................................................................................60 3.2.1 Identity Verification ............................................................62 3.2.2 Identity Falsification ...........................................................63 3.3 Authentication .................................................................................63 3.3.1 Mutual Authentication ...................................................... 66 3.3.2 Multi-Factor Authentication .............................................. 66 3.4 Authorization ................................................................................. 66 3.5 Access Control .................................................................................67 3.5.1 Access Control Models ........................................................70 3.6 Accountability .................................................................................72