AUTOMOTIVE STEERING, SUSPENSION, AND ALIGNMENT EIGHTH EDITION James D. Halderman A01_HALD4642_08_SE_FM.indd 1 13/11/19 5:08 PM Director of Product Management: Linea Rowe Product Manager, Trades, Hospitality, & Careers: Derril Trakalo Senior Analyst, HE Global Content, Trades & Hospitality: Tara Warrens Analyst, HE Global Content, Careers & Professional: Bridget Daly Manager Content HE, Careers & Professional: Jenifer Niles Director, Digital Studio & Content Production: Brian Hyland Managing Content Producer: Jennifer Sargunar Managing Producer, Teacher Education & Careers: Autumn Benson Content Producer (Team Lead): Faraz Sharique Ali Permissions Editor: Jenell Forschler Cover Design: Carie Keller, SPi Cover Credit: Courtesy of ASE; Henrik5000/E+/Getty images Full-Service Management and Composition: Integra Software Service Pvt. Ltd. Printer/Binder: LSC Communications,Inc. Cover Printer: LSC Communications,Inc. Text Font: Helvetica Neue LT W1G Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014, by Pearson Education, Inc. 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copy- right, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s prod- ucts by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., authors, licensees, or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Halderman, James D., author. Title: Automotive steering, suspension & alignment / James D. Halderman. Other titles: Automotive steering, suspension and alignment | Automotive steering, suspension and alignment Description: Eighth edition. | Hoboken : Pearson, 2021. | Includes index. | Summary: “This comprehensive textbook is divided into sections that correspond to the A4 area of certifications as specified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE). The areas of the ASE material certification test are listed in the objectives at the beginning of each chapter, and all laboratory worksheets are correlated to the ASE Task Sheets”—Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019047553 (print) | LCCN 2019047554 (ebook) | ISBN 9780135674642 (paperback) | ISBN 9780135758380 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Automobiles—Steering-gear. | Automobiles—Springs and suspension. | Automobiles—Wheels—Alignment. Classification: LCC TL259 .H35 2021 (print) | LCC TL259 (ebook) | DDC 629.2/4—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019047553 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019047554 ScoutAutomatedPrintCode ISBN-10: 0-13-567464-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-567464-2 A01_HALD4642_08_SE_FM.indd 2 13/11/19 5:08 PM BRIEF CONTENTS chapter 1 Service Information, Work Orders, and Vehicle Identification 1 chapter 2 Tools and Safety 9 chapter 3 Environmental and Hazardous Materials 42 chapter 4 Tires and Wheels 53 chapter 5 Tire-Pressure Monitoring Systems 78 chapter 6 Tire and Wheel Service 92 chapter 7 Suspension System Components and Operation 117 chapter 8 Front Suspension and Service 142 chapter 9 Rear Suspension and Service 172 chapter 10 Electronic Suspension Systems 184 chapter 11 Electronic Stability Control Systems 201 chapter 12 Steering Columns and Gears 210 chapter 13 Steering Linkage and Service 228 chapter 14 Hydraulic Power Steering Systems 246 chapter 15 Electric Power Steering Systems 271 chapter 16 Wheel Bearings and Service 280 chapter 17 DriveShafts and CV Joints 299 chapter 18 DriveShaft and CV Joint Service 310 chapter 19 Wheel Alignment Principles 324 chapter 20 Alignment Diagnosis and Service 340 chapter 21 Vibration and Noise Diagnosis and Correction 372 APPENDIX 1 SAMPLE SUSPENSION AND STEERING (A4) ASE-TYPE CERTIFICATION TEST 386 APPENDIX 2 2017 ASE CORRELATION CHART 390 GLOSSARY 394 INDEX 404 iii A01_HALD4642_08_SE_FM.indd 3 13/11/19 5:08 PM CONTENTS chapter 1 ■■ Fire Extinguishers 33 ■■ Fire Blankets 34 SERVICE INFORMATION, WORK ■■ First Aid and Eye Wash Stations 34 ■■ ORDERS, AND VEHICLE Hybrid Electric Vehicle Safety Issues 35 SUMMARY 40 IDENTIFICATION 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS 40 ■■ Learning Objectives 1 CHAPTER QUIZ 40 ■■ Key Terms 1 ■■ Owner’s Manuals 1 chapter 3 ■■ Service Information 2 ■■ Technical Service Bulletins 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ■■ Recalls and Campaigns 2 ■■ Work Order 3 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 42 ■■ ■■ Service Records 3 Learning Objectives 42 ■■ Additional Information 5 ■■ Key Terms 42 ■■ Parts of a Vehicle 5 ■■ Hazardous Waste 42 ■■ Front-Wheel Drive Versus Rear-Wheel Drive 5 ■■ Federal and State Laws 42 ■■ Vehicle Identification 5 ■■ Asbestos Hazards 44 ■■ Vehicle Safety Certification Label 7 ■■ Used Brake Fluid 45 ■■ VECI Label 7 ■■ Used Oil 45 ■■ Solvents 46 SUMMARY 7 ■■ Coolant Disposal 47 REVIEW QUESTIONS 8 ■■ Lead-Acid Battery Waste 48 CHAPTER QUIZ 8 ■■ Fuel Safety and Storage 48 ■■ Airbag Handling 49 chapter 2 ■■ Used Tire Disposal 49 ■■ Air-Conditioning Refrigerant TOOLS AND SAFETY 9 Oil Disposal 50 ■■ Learning Objectives 9 SUMMARY 52 ■■ Key Terms 9 REVIEW QUESTIONS 52 ■■ Threaded Fasteners 9 CHAPTER QUIZ 52 ■■ Hand Tools 13 ■■ Screwdrivers 16 ■■ Torx 17 chapter 4 ■■ Pliers 19 ■■ Basic Hand Tool List 22 TIRES AND WHEELS 53 ■■ Tool Sets and Accessories 23 ■■ Learning Objectives 53 ■■ Electrical Hand Tools 23 ■■ Key Terms 53 ■■ Hand Tool Maintenance 25 ■■ Introduction to Tires 53 ■■ Trouble Lights 25 ■■ Parts of a Tire 53 ■■ Air and Electrically Operated Tools 25 ■■ Tire Molding 56 ■■ Personal Protective Equipment 27 ■■ Service Description 58 ■■ Safety Precautions 28 ■■ High-Flotation Tire Sizes 58 ■■ Vehicle Protection 29 ■■ Load Index and Equivalent Loads 59 ■■ Safety Lifting (Hoisting) a Vehicle 29 ■■ Speed Ratings 59 ■■ Jacks and Safety Stands 31 ■■ Tire Pressure and Traction 60 ■■ Drive-On Ramps 31 ■■ Rim Width and Tire Size 60 ■■ Electrical Cord Safety 32 ■■ Uniform Tire Quality Grading System 61 ■■ Jump Starting and Battery Safety 32 ■■ All-Season Tire Designation 63 iv A01_HALD4642_08_SE_FM.indd 4 13/11/19 5:08 PM ■■ Types of Tires 63 ■■ Tire Replacement 100 ■■ DOT Tire Code 63 ■■ Tire Balancing 103 ■■ Tire Conicity and Ply Steer 64 ■■ Wheel Weights 103 ■■ Vehicle Handling and Tire Slip Angle 65 ■■ Wheel/Tire Balancers 106 ■■ Spare Tires 65 ■■ Tire Repair 107 ■■ Run-Flat Tires 66 SUMMARY 115 ■■ General Motors TPC Rating 67 REVIEW QUESTIONS 115 ■■ Tire Selection Considerations 68 CHAPTER QUIZ 115 ■■ Noise-Reducing Tires 69 ■■ Wheels 69 ■■ Tire Valves 72 chapter 7 ■■ Unsprung Weight 73 ■■ Lug Nuts 73 SUSPENSION SYSTEM SUMMARY 77 COMPONENTS AND REVIEW QUESTIONS 77 CHAPTER QUIZ 77 OPERATION 117 ■■ Learning Objectives 117 ■■ Key Terms 117 chapter 5 ■■ Introduction 117 ■■ Frame Construction 117 TIRE-PRESSURE MONITORING ■■ Platforms 119 SYSTEMS 78 ■■ Unsprung Weight 119 ■■ ■■ Learning Objectives 78 Types of Suspensions 119 ■■ Hooke’s Law 120 ■■ Key Terms 78 ■■ Coil Springs 120 ■■ Need for Tire Pressure ■■ Leaf Springs 124 Monitoring 78 ■■ Torsion Bars 127 ■■ Tread Act 80 ■■ Suspension Principles 127 ■■ Indirect TPMS 80 ■■ Steering Knuckles 129 ■■ Direct TPMS 81 ■■ Control Arms 130 ■■ TPMS Pressure Sensors 82 ■■ Ball Joints 130 ■■ TPMS Sensor Operation 83 ■■ Strut Rods 131 ■■ TPMS Receiver 84 ■■ Stabilizer Bars 133 ■■ TPMS Diagnosis 85 ■■ Shock Absorbers 133 ■■ TPMS Sensor Activations 86 ■■ Struts 136 ■■ TPMS Diagnostic Tools 86 ■■ Bump Stops 136 ■■ Sensor Replacement Options 87 ■■ TPMS Sensor Relearn 88 SUMMARY 141 ■■ TPMS Sensor Service Tools 89 REVIEW QUESTIONS 141 CHAPTER QUIZ 141 SUMMARY 90 REVIEW QUESTIONS 91 CHAPTER QUIZ 91 chapter 8 FRONT SUSPENSION AND chapter 6 SERVICE 142 TIRE AND WHEEL SERVICE 92 ■■ Learning Objectives 142 ■■ Learning Objectives 92 ■■ Key Terms 142 ■■ Key Terms 92 ■■ Front Suspension Types 142 ■■ Tire Service and Proper Inflation 92 ■■ Short-/Long-Arm Suspensions 143 ■■ Nitrogen Inflation 93 ■■ Strut Suspension 145 ■■ Tire Inspection 94 ■■ Servicing the Suspension ■■ Wheel Removal/Installation 95 System 146 ■■ Tire Rotation 97 ■■ Road Test Diagnosis 146 ■■ Radial Runout 98 ■■ Dry Park Test (Suspension) 148 ■■ Lateral Runout 99 ■■ Visual Inspection 149 CONTENTS v A01_HALD4642_08_SE_FM.indd 5 13/11/19 5:08 PM ■■ Ball Joints 150 chapter 11 ■■ Kingpin Diagnosis and Service 156 ■■ Shock Absorbers and Struts 156 ELECTRONIC STABILITY ■■ MacPherson Strut Replacement 158 ■■ Stabilizer Bar Links and Bushings 160 CONTROL SYSTEMS 201 ■■ Strut Rod Bushings 160 ■■ Learning Objectives 201 ■■ Front Coil Springs 161 ■■ Key Terms 201 ■■ Steering Knuckles 163 ■■ The Need for Electronic Stability ■■ Torsion Bars 164 Control 201 ■■ Control Arm Bushings 164 ■■ Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard SUMMARY 170 (FMVSS) No. 126 202 ■■ REVIEW QUESTIONS 170 Sine with Dwell Test 202 ■■ CHAPTER QUIZ 170 ESC Sensors 204 ■■ Traction Control 205 ■■ chapter 9 ESC/TC Diagnosis 208 SUMMARY 208 REAR SUSPENSION AND REVIEW QUESTIONS 209 SERVICE