Research Master Urban Studies Graduate School of Social Sciences University of Amsterdam Thesis Amsterdam, June 13th, 2013 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sako Musterd, UvA Second Reader: Dr. Fenne Pinkster, UvA DISPLACEMENT OR FORCED RELOCATION? A comparative analysis, following the relocatees after urban restructuring in Amsterdam and Gainesville, Florida Koen Tieskens Student#: 0542520 [email protected] 0 Foreword This thesis is the result of a research conducted to obtain the degree of Master of Science finishing the research master Urban Studies at the University of Amsterdam. The research was conducted in Amsterdam, NL and in Gainesville, Florida. The fieldwork in Gainesville was conducted during my exchange program at the Florida State University in Tallahassee. I would like to use this opportunity to thank my supervisor from FSU Dr. Andrew Aurand, who assisted me in finding appropriate data sources, which appeared to be more difficult than I expected. Moreover I would like to thank Elizabeth Thompson from the Shimberg Center at University of Florida, who was very kind to provide me with data on relocation of tenants in Gainesville. The fieldwork in the Netherlands was conducted very smoothly not in the least due to the assistance of the relocation staff from Amsterdam housing association Rochdale. Thanks to their willingness to share their archives with me and their professional insights, I was able to investigate forced relocation in the Netherlands as it was never done before. Parts of the results of this thesis were also used to write an article that was accepted by Journal of Urban Research and Practice and will most likely be published in the second issue of 20131. This article was written under the supervision and co-authorship with prof. Dr. Sako Musterd. He not only assisted me with the article, but throughout the whole process of this thesis. I would like to thank him as well for the assistance and inspiration. And finally I would like to thank my family, friends and my girlfriend Sarah who supported me in writing this thesis. June 13, 2013 Koen Tieskens This thesis was written to obtain the degree of MSc at the University of Amsterdam in co-operation with housing association Rochdale. 1 Parts of this thesis will therefore also be published in this article: Tieskens KF and Musterd S. (2013) Displacement and urban restructuring in Amsterdam, following relocatees after demolition of social housing. Journal of Urban Research and Practice. 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 2: Assisted Housing: an historical background ............................................................................... 8 2.1: US Housing market .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1.1: Public Housing .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2: Urban Decline .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2: Europe ................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1: Decline ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.3: Social mix and neighborhood effect .................................................................................. 18 3: Tracking the relocatees ............................................................................................................. 21 3.1: US ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1: Gautreaux and MTO .................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2: HOPE VI ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.2: The Netherlands ................................................................................................................. 25 3.3: Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 27 4: Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 30 4.1: Questions ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.2: Macro-Micro-Macro .......................................................................................................... 31 4.3: Conceptual Model .............................................................................................................. 33 4.4: Data .................................................................................................................................... 34 4.4.1: Population .................................................................................................................... 35 4.5: Operationalization .............................................................................................................. 36 4.5.1: Relocatee Characteristics ............................................................................................. 38 4.5.2: Preferences .................................................................................................................. 39 4.5.3: Information and Assistance ......................................................................................... 39 4.5.4: Institutional Constraints............................................................................................... 40 4.5.5: Relocation .................................................................................................................... 40 4.5.6: Housing Improvement ................................................................................................. 41 4.5.7: Neighborhood Quality ................................................................................................. 41 5. Gainesville ................................................................................................................................ 43 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 43 2 5.2 General Characterization Gainesville.................................................................................. 45 5.2.1 Racial segregation ......................................................................................................... 46 5.3: Description of the three projects ........................................................................................ 48 5.3.1: Glen Springs Manor .................................................................................................... 48 5.3.2: Seminary Lane ............................................................................................................. 52 5.3.3: Kennedy Homes .......................................................................................................... 55 5.4 Outcomes ............................................................................................................................. 58 5.4.1: Section 8 ...................................................................................................................... 58 5.4.2: Local Housing Market ................................................................................................. 60 5.4.3: Relocation .................................................................................................................... 62 5.5: Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 67 6. Amsterdam ................................................................................................................................ 69 6.1 Context ................................................................................................................................ 69 6.1.1 Amsterdam.................................................................................................................... 69 6.1.2 Amsterdam Nieuw West ............................................................................................... 70 6.2 Case description .................................................................................................................. 71 6.2.1 Bakema Sloop Noord ....................................................................................................... 71 6.2.2 Van Tijenbuurt .............................................................................................................. 72 6.2.3 Kolenkitbuurt ................................................................................................................ 73 6.3 Outcomes ............................................................................................................................. 77 6.3.1 Preferences .................................................................................................................... 77 6.3.2 Actual Relocation ........................................................................................................