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Neither IRENA, OECD/ delimitation of international frontiers or boundaries and to the IEA nor REN21 accepts any responsibility or liability for this name of any territory. work/translation.” ISBN 978-92-9260-289-5 2 Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition Heating and Cooling ABOUT IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy. Recognising the need for broad-based, holistic solutions, IRENA examines technologies, policies and regional priorities in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low- carbon economic growth and prosperity. As of November 2020, IRENA has 162 Members (161 States and the European Union) and 21 additional states in the accession process and actively engaged. www.irena.org ABOUT REN21 REN21 is the only global community of renewable energy actors from science, academia, governments, NGOs and industry. We provide up-to-date facts, figures and peer-reviewed analysis of global developments in ABOUT IEA technology, policies and markets to decision-makers. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is at the heart of Our goal: encourage and enable them to make the global dialogue on energy, providing authoritative analysis, transition to renewable energy happen – now. data, policy recommendations and real-world solutions Our more than 2 000 community members guide to help countries provide secure and sustainable energy our co-operative work. They reflect the vast array of for all. Taking an all-fuels, all-technologies approach, the backgrounds and perspectives in society. As REN21’s IEA recommends policies that enhance the reliability, eyes and ears, they collect information and share affordability and sustainability of energy. The IEA is intelligence, by sending input and feedback. REN21 supporting clean energy transitions all over the world in takes all this information to better understand the order to help achieve global sustainability goals. For more current thinking around renewables and change norms. information visit: We also use this information to connect and grow the energy debate with non-energy players. www.iea.org www.ren21.net 3 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES IN A TIME OF TRANSITION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REVIEWERS This report was written jointly by IRENA, IEA and REN21, This report benefited from valuable feedback and inputs under the guidance of Rabia Ferroukhi (IRENA), Paolo from: Adrian Whiteman, Albert Kanaan, Alessandra Salgado, Frankl (IEA) and Rana Adib (REN21). Binu Parthan, Celia García-Baños, Dolf Gielen, Herib Blanco, Individual chapter authors were as follows: Jack Kiruja, Luca Angelino, Neil MacDonald, Paul Durrant, Raul Miranda, Sufyan Diab and Yong Chen (IRENA), François Briens, In context: Renewable heating and cooling Gergely Molnar, Jose Miguel Bermudez Menendez, Michael Duncan Gibb and Lea Ranalder (REN21) Oppermann, Peter Zeniewski, Simon Bennett (IEA), Duncan Gibb With input from Diala Hawila, Jinlei Feng, Emanuele Bianco and Lea Ranalder (REN21), Jean-Marie Gauthey (GRDF), Adam (IRENA), François Briens (IEA), Alex Kazaglis, Aditi Sahni, Brown and Paul Komor (Consultants), David Jacobs (International Ethan McCormac, Glendon Giam and Zachary Gaeddert Energy Transition – IET). (Vivid Economics) This report benefited from valuable feedback from: Transformative approaches and cross-cutting policies Abdelkader Baccouche (ANME Tuinisia), Alba Gamarra (Centro Diala Hawila, Jinlei Feng and Emanuele Bianco (IRENA), de Información en Energías Renovables – CINER), Alban Duncan Gibb (REN21). Thomas (GRTgaz), Andrea Roscetti (The Polytechnic University With input from Michael Renner (IRENA), Alex Kazaglis, Aditi Sahni, of Milan), Antonello Di Pardo (Gestore dei Servizi Energetici Ethan McCormac, Glendon Giam and Zachary Gaeddert (Vivid – GSE), Antonio Moreno-Munoz (Universidad de Cordoba), Economics), Rebekah Shirley, Eva Lee and Monkgogi Otlhogile Arthur Wellinger (European Biogas Association – EBA), Beatrix (Power for All), David Jacobs (International Energy Transition – IET) Schmuelling (UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment – Renewables-based electrification of heating and MOCCAE), Ben Shafran (Cambridge Economic Policy Associates cooling – CEPA), Benjamin Köhler (Öko-Institut), Carmen Avellaner de Emanuele Bianco, Diala Hawila and Jinlei Feng (IRENA) Santos (Independent Consultant), Cedric Philibert (Independent With input from Anindya Bhagirath, Emma Aberg and Stephanie Consultant), Christopher Olk (RWTH Aachen University), Clotilde Weckend (IRENA), François Briens (IEA), Rebekah Shirley, Eva Rossi di Schio (SE4ALL), Costas Travasaros (Prime Laser Lee and Monkgogi Otlhogile (Power for All), Thomas Nowak Technology SA), David Walwyn (University of Pretoria), David (European Heat Pump Association) Jacobs (International Energy Transition GmbH), Divyam Nagpal Renewable gases as a heat source (University College London), Dixit Patel (D8), Domenico Lattanzio Pharoah Le Feuvre (IEA) (International Energy Agency – IEA), Evaldo Costa (New University With input from François Briens (IEA), Rebekah Shirley, Eva Lee of Lisbon – UNL), F. H. Mughal (Independent Consultant), and Monkgogi Otlhogile (Power for All) Francesco Dolci (European Commission), Irene di Padua (Solar Sustainable use of biomass Heat Europe), Jack Corscadden (Euroheat and Power), Jakob Adam Brown (Independent Consultant) Jensen (HELIAC), Jonas Hamann (Danfoss), Ken Guthrie With input from François Briens (IEA), Rebekah Shirley, Eva Lee (Sustainable Energy Transformation), Laiz Souto (University of and Monkgogi Otlhogile (Power for All) Groningen), Lee White (Australian National University), Luis Carlos Direct use of solar thermal heat Gutierrez-Negrin (Geoconsul, SA de CV), Manjola Banja (European Jinlei Feng, Emanuele Bianco, Diala Hawila, and Abdullah Commission), MInho Jung (I&C technology Co.), Mohamedahmed Abou Ali (IRENA) Khalifa (Independent Consultant), Mohamedahmed Mohamed With input from Alex Kazaglis, Aditi Sahni, Ethan McCormac, (Omdurman Islamic University – UNESCO Chair in Water Glendon Giam and Zachary Gaeddert (Vivid Economics), Rebekah Resources), Mohammed Alhasheem (GREENSANDS), Namiz Shirley, Eva Lee and Monkgogi Otlhogile (Power for All) Musafer (Integrated Development Association – IDEA), Nichol Brummer (Mijnwater), Pablo Ferragut (ARPEL), Pallav Purohit Direct use of geothermal heat (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis – IIASA), Paul Jinlei Feng, Emanuele Bianco, Diala Hawila, and Abdullah Lucchese (Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies Abou Ali (IRENA) alternatives), Pedro Dias (Solar Heat Europe),