UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DISCOURSES AND REALITIES OF JUDICIAL ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE KENYAN JUDICIARY AND THE WAR ON TERROR (2006 - 2016) BY AGADE SAVAI EDDAH ZIZA A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, 2019 DECLARATION This research report is my original work and has not been presented for examination in any university. Signed………………………………………… Date…………………………………… AGADE SAVAI EDDAH ZIZA (C50/69065/2013) (CANDIDATE) This research report has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor. Signed………………………………… Date………………………………………… Prof. MUSAMBAYI KATUMANGA (SUPERVISOR) i DEDICATION To Dale and Syl ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful for the support of my Lecturers at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at the University of Nairobi. I am especially appreciative of the support of my Supervisor Prof. Katumanga who had the patience to review a plethora of manuscripts to arrive at this project. Your counsel, dedication and encouragement made it possible for me to stand tall. Judith Agade, I was constantly perturbed by your insights in matters terrorism. Thank you for your altruistic support. iii ABSTRACT The discourses and realities of judicial institutional behavior in the adjudication of terrorism cases is the subject of this study between 2006 and 2016. A convergence of Buzan’s conception of security and the Lockean prerogative of power anchoring international legal institutionalism, provide a conceptual framework of analysis for this study. The global escalation in the number and intensity of terror attacks and the subsequent resolutions passed by the UNSC, animated the need for international judicial cooperation. The ratification of these resolutions by Kenya, parallel to national security imperatives enhanced the judicial role function in the fight against terror. This study analyses and examines differentiated actor discourses and realities of judicial role function in the fight against terrorism. The study also interrogates how judicial adjudication of terrorism cases mediates Kenya’s international security relations. This study further proffers research based policy options geared towards positively enhancing the role of the judiciary in the global security agenda. This study is centered on the contention that in the fight against terrorism in Kenya, the executive is determined to use its prerogative of power in apparent disregard of the law in a bid to root out terrorism. This is countered by the judicial role function, which, seeks to bring all measures taken by the executive within the ambit of the law. The foregoing leads to differentiated actor discourses when judicial adjudication overrules executive measures for being in contravention of the law. iv ABBREVIATIONS AG - Attorney General ATPU - Anti Terrorism Police Unit CIA - Central Intelligence Agency CLCF - Christian Leaders Consultative Forum FISA - Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act HCCA - High Court Criminal Appeal ICCPR - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICU - Islamic Courts Union IED - Improvised Explosive device IGP - Inspector General of Police IMF - International Monitory Fund KADU - Kenya African Democratic Union KANU - Kenya African National Union KDF - Kenya Defense Forces KLR - Kenya Law Reports KNCHR - Kenya National Commission of Human Rights KPU - Kenya Peoples Party NCC - National Council of Churches MP - Member of Parliament MRC - Mombasa Republican Council OAU - Organization of African Union ODPP - Office of the Director of Public prosecutions RCK - Refugee Consortium of Kenya UN - United Nations UNSC - United nations Security Council UNHCR - United Nations High Commission for Refugees UK - United Kingdom US - United States v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. iv ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................v CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................1 JUDICIAL ROLE IN KENYA’S INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS…………1 1.0 Background of the study ....................................................................................................1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................3 1.2 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................6 1.3 Justification for the Study ..................................................................................................7 1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study .....................................................................................8 1.5 Definitions of Concepts .....................................................................................................9 1.6 Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 11 1.6.1 Differentiated Actor Discourses and Reality in the Fight against Terrorism. .............. 12 1.6.2 Judicial Mediation of Kenya’s International Security Relations ................................. 14 1.6.3 Enhancing Judicial Role in Global Security Agenda .................................................. 16 1.7 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................... 20 1.8 Research Hypotheses ....................................................................................................... 23 1.9 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 24 1.9.1 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 24 1.9.2 Sampling Procedures ................................................................................................. 25 1.9.3 Data Collection Menthods ......................................................................................... 24 1.9.4 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................ 26 1.9.5 Validity and Reliability of Techniques....................................................................... 26 1.10 Chapter Outline.............................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................... 29 KENYA’S JUDICIARY AND REGIME SECURITY……………………………………….28 2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 29 vi 2.1 Executive Dominance of National Security during Jomo Kenyatta Regime ...................... 31 2.1 (a) The Suppression of Political Dissent ....................................................................... 31 2.1 (b) Preservation of Security Acts and Human Rights Violations ................................... 31 2.2 Instrumentalization and Centralization of Power in the Moi regime ............................... 39 2.2 (a) Consolidation of Executive Power through Legal Amendment ................................ 39 2.2 (b) Police Brutality ....................................................................................................... 41 2.2 (c) Rights Violation and the Rise of Popular Pressure from 1991 to 2001 ..................... 43 2.3 Terrorism and national Security in the Kibaki Regime from 2002 to 2006 ....................... 48 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................ 51 INSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSES AND REALITIES IN THE WAR AGAINST TERROR ................................................................................................................................................. 51 3.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 The Politics of Security and the War on Terror. ............................................................... 53 3.1 (a) Refugees, Terrorism and the Dilemma of Amalgamation ........................................ 55 3.1 (b) Lamu and Tana River Attacks; the Drive towards Identity Polarization. .................. 59 3.1 (c) Religious Discourses in Response to Garissa University Terror Attacks .................. 62 3.2 Legal Factors in the Adjudication of Terrorism Cases ...................................................... 67 3.2 (a) Adjudication of Terrorism Cases ............................................................................. 68 3.2 (b) Judicial Role; the Discourse of Misplaced Sympathies ...........................................