A GUIDE FOR THE SMALL-SCALE FISHERY ADMINISTRATOR: Information From The Harvest Sector . ........... " , ., .... ,. :>,' - o . .. DAVID STEVENSON RICHARD POLLNAC PHILIP LOGAN ICMRD International Center for Marine Resource Development 1982 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island A GUIDE FOR THE SMALL-SCALE FISHERY ADMINISTRATOR: Information From The Harvest Sector DAVID STEVENSON RICHARD POLLNAC PHILIP LOGAN ICMRD 81/82.005 ItWDati..u Cate fr Marine Re ouze Developmen 1982 Unlvers of Rhode I d, Kinston, Rhode Isand ACKNOWLEDGEMENIS We would like to express our appreciation to Sandra Prata for endless typing and retyping of the original manuscript, to Laura Borasio for her patience with the extensive changes in the final manuscript, to Nan Garrett for the computer generated figures, and to our colleaguesi W. Kotberg and J. Johnson for their early contribu­ tions to this guide. Finally we would like to express our appreciation to our colleagues who work in fishery development in Panama, Costs Rica, El Salvador, and Guatemala, countries in which the authors have refined their ideas conceming data needs for fisheries development. While this guide was financed by USAID (Grant No. AID/DSAN-G-0173) the find. ings and conclusions are solely those ofthe authors. PREFACE actually collecting the data, and rec­ This guide was prepared as a general collect, for individuals in devel- ognizing what constitutes data, and 4) the resource document level of specificity in identifying data which oping countries who either require or are to another. information will be valid from one fishery responsible for providing authors' experience, fishery for making policy decisions In the which is used office personnel are more likely to be trained which affect small-scale fisheries. Its pur- economists; in identify- as biologists rather than pose is a practical one: to assist and sociologists with expe­ data and in designing and anthropologists ing important extremely rare. A fair data collection programs which rience i fisheries are required executing the amount of professional training is will generate information concerning into useful iformation in sector of any small- to convert data resource and harvesting each field. Thle analyses used in economics scale fishery. and sociology/anthropology, while they are The first objective of this guide is to are appli­ eco- evolving, are fairly standard And describe a minimum set of biological, in countries in differ­ information from cable to studies made nomic and sociocultural stages of development. This is less so in small-scale fishery resource and har- ent the so the case of resource assessment analyses; vesting sector which should be available is devoted to describ­ policy decisions can be thus, some attention that intelligent ing the models used in these assessments. made. The first three chapters are directed the describes On the other hand, it is easier to specify at this objective. The first chapter economic data between the fishery primary biological and the interrelationships for analyses. Sociocultural data the economy and stresses the impor- needed and needs are much more specific to given sites, tance of adequate information for decision and cultures.* of sociocultural communities making. The importance to actual data collection, is emphasized in Chapter II. As we proceed information it is only in the field of economics that a The third chapter outlines information formulated (at decisions in the basic set of questions can be needed for effective policy and applied with some modifi­ and harvesting sector of the this distance) resource cations, by the non-professional staff fishery. member. Specific measurements and obser­ The second major objective of the guide by the fisheries data collection vations can be described is to describe appropriate but, when species identification is will generate the needed biologist, methods which required, that expertise must be present dur­ information. The final three chapters of the as well as ing data collection. guide are directed at this goal althcugh the guide gives the recommendations for Finally, towards developing impression that a seemingly endless multidisciplinary data collecL strategies is required, These chap',ers were amount of data and information in order to reduce costs. this is not the case. It is true that much more intended primarily to assist fishery officers than has histori­ designing and information is required who are responsible for appreciated. The justification for data collection process. Data cally been directing the a holistic approach, however, is presented needs are outlined in Chapter IV, collection and the economies the organization in Chapters I, II, and III methods in Chapter V and derived from a coordinated of data collection methods which can be and integration approach to data collection are outlined in in Chapter VI. Finally, the guide includes a considerable information and ater VI. Although lists of background of information is required, a ratio­ data acquisition forms in four amount selected nale has been provided for its collection.** appendices. use of hand calculators and words should be said about the The increasing A few mini-computers means that the storage, different emphases placed on the biological, of the retrieval and manipulation of large quanti­ sociocultural and economic sections accomplished in to which each ties of data can soon be various ciapters. The extent countries. Improvements discipli:±cs is discussed and even the poorest of these three in data processing facilities and a growing the nature of the discussions themselves of small-scale discipline, i.e., awareness of the importance reflect: 1) the nature of the in many developing countries examine, 2) the probable fisheries what it seeks to make it more important now than ever of a fisheries office, 3) the profes- needed infor­ staffing as before to acquire this urgently sional training required for tasks such it to promote rational which data to mation and to use analyzing data, indentifying development and management programs. economic data and analyses with regard to MEY, in spite of some popular misconceptions concerning the role of *This holds will be said about this at the end of Chapter IV. MSY, and especially OSY (Optimal Sustainable Yield). More attractive research and dissertation material for this information is rational and interrelated will make it ** The fact that other countries; hence, it is much less likely to go unanalysed. university faculty and students from both the involved and ii CONTENTS FOR DECISIONS 1 I. THE FISHERY AND THE ECONOMY: INFORMATION 1 System ....... ..................... 1.1 The Fishery 1 1.2 The Small Scale Fishery ....... ...................... and harvesting .... .......... .3...... 1 1.2.1 Resources 3 and marketing ........ .............. 1.2.2 Processing . 3 Consumption. 1.2.3 . 5..3 1.3 Other Sectors of the Economy ...... ................. .................. 5 1.4 Contexts .............. 5 and Decisions ...... .................... 1.5 Information ...... " 6 1.5.1 Post-harvest losses and underutilized resources ...... ............. 6 1.5.2 Resource assessment ............ ......... ..................... 9 1.5.3 Infrastructure 9 in effort (or catch) ....... ............... 1.5.4 Reductions 10 Increases in effort (or catch) ....... ................ 1.5.5 ..10 1.6 Summary ............ ...................... ........ .11 II. THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOCULTURAL INFORMATION ..11 2.1 Introduction ........... ...................... ........... 11 Relationship Between Technology and Social Organizatin 2.2 ...... .13 Acceptance of Change and the Success of Development Projects 2.3 . ... 14 Change, Purchasing Power and Social Stratification 2.4 Technological .... .15 2.5 Summary .......... ..................... .............. .17 III. INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ....... ...... .17 3.1 Introduction .......... .................. Information ........ ................ 18 3.2 Biological/Ecological .. 18 Fishery resources ........ .................. 3.2.1 .18 3.2.2 Unit stocks .......... ..................... ...... ................. .. 18 3 .2.? Background information assessment .......................... .19 3.2.4 Resource .19 3.24.1 Preliminary assessments ...... ............ .20 3.2.4.2 Quantitative resource assessment .... .......... .. 21 3.2.4.3 Selection of an appropriate yi ,- model.... ..... 22 3.2.4.4 Resource surveys ....... ........... .. 23 3.2.4.5 Empirical yield models ..... ............. .23 3.2.4.6 Multispecies fisheries .................. .. 23 Information ....... ................... 3.3 Sociocultural .23 Introduction ......... ..................... 3.3.1 .23 General background information ..... .............. 3.3.2 .24 structure of the occupation ..... .............. 3.3.3 Social .24 occupational preference and training .......... 3.3.4 Innovation, .25 Information ......... .................. 3.4 Economic .25 3.4.1 Introduction ......... ..................... ............ .25 3.4.2 The bioeconomic state of harvesting ..... Open accet. .. .. .................. .25 3.4.2.1 34 3.4.2.2 Resource rents and owners ..... ............ .35 3.4.2.3 Other options ........ ............ 37 3.4.2.4 Many species and mixed gear ........ .... 39 3.4.3 The delivery system ......... ................... Previous Page Blank 3.4.3.1 The industrial catch ...... ............... .41 3.4.3.2 Consumer demand ...... ............... .41 3.4.3.3 Supply ... ............ ........... .43 3.4.3.4 Bottlenecks, power and losses