UNIT 1 QCE BIOLOGY UNIT 1 CELLS AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Kerri Humphreys © Science Press 2019 First published 2019 Science Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication Unit 7, 23-31 Bowden Street may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia or transmitted in any form or by any means, Tel: +61 2 9020 1840 Fax: +61 2 9020 1842 electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording [email protected] or otherwise, without the prior permission of www.sciencepress.com.au Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861 Contents Introduction v 35 Developing the Cell Theory 52 Words to Watch vi 36 Experiment – The Light Microscope 54 37 Experiment – Using a Light Microscope 55 Topic 1 Cells As the Basis Of Life 38 Experiment – Making a Wet Mount 56 39 Experiment – Drawing Biological Diagrams 57 1 Assumed Knowledge Topic 1 4 40 Measurement 58 2 Development Of the Model Of the Cell Membrane 5 41 Drawing Scaled Diagrams 60 3 The Current Cell Membrane Model 7 42 Writing a Practical Report 61 4 Membrane Proteins and Cholesterol 9 43 Experiment – Plant Cells 63 5 Passive Transport 10 44 Experiment – Animal Cells 64 6 Diffusion and Osmosis 11 45 The Light Microscope and Cell Organelles 65 7 Experiment – Membranes, Diffusion and Osmosis 13 46 The Electron Microscope and Cell Organelles 67 8 Experiment – Plasmolysis 14 47 Mitochondria 68 9 Energy and Active Transport 15 48 Chloroplasts 69 10 Active Transport 16 49 Golgi Bodies 70 11 Exocytosis 17 50 Cell Organelles Summary 71 12 Endocytosis 19 51 Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 72 13 Experiment – Surface Area To Volume Ratio 20 52 Enzymes and Membranes 73 14 Experiment – Material Exchange and 22 53 Enzymes and Reactions 75 Concentration Gradient 54 Experiment – Enzyme Activity and pH 76 15 Material Exchange and the Nature Of 23 55 Experiment – Enzyme Activity and Temperature 77 the Material 56 Experiment – Enzyme Activity and Substrate 78 16 Experiment – Surface Area and Rate 24 Concentration Of Reaction 57 Enzymes and Inhibitors 79 17 Characteristics Of Living Things 25 58 Allosteric Activation and Inhibition 80 18 Cell Input and Output 26 59 Enzyme Deficiencies 81 19 Matter 28 20 Water 30 60 Coenzymes 82 21 Chemicals In Cells 32 61 Metabolism 84 22 Experiment – Substances In Tissues 34 62 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs 85 23 Carbohydrates 35 63 Photosynthesis 86 24 Lipids 36 64 Play – Inside Photosynthesis 87 25 Protein Structure 38 65 Light, Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis 91 26 Amino Acids and Proteins 40 66 Experiment – Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis 93 27 Polar and Non-Polar Amino Acids 41 67 Experiment – Light and Photosynthesis 94 28 Nucleic Acids 42 68 Reactions In Photosynthesis 95 29 Prokaryotes 43 69 Photosynthesis and Productivity 97 30 Eukaryotes 45 70 Aerobic Respiration 98 31 The Modern Light Microscope 46 71 Anaerobic Respiration 99 32 The Electron Microscope 48 72 Reactions In Respiration 100 33 The Stereo Microscope 49 73 Experiment – Carbon Dioxide, Respiration 102 34 Technology and the Development Of the 50 and pH Cell Theory Topic 1 Test 103 Science Press Surfing QCE Biology Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms iii 98 Elimination 146 Topic 2 Multicellular Organisms 99 Specialised Digestive Systems 147 100 Play – Amino and Lipidet, a Most 149 74 Assumed Knowledge Topic 2 108 Lamentable Tragedy 75 Stem Cells 109 101 Removal Of Wastes 154 76 Stem Cell Research 111 102 Wastes and Respiratory and Excretory 155 77 Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems 113 Systems 78 Differentiation and Specialised Cells 114 103 Excretory Organs 156 79 Human Organ Systems 116 104 The Kidney 157 80 Plant Tissues and Cells 117 105 Renal Hormones 159 81 Plant Organs 119 106 Renal Dialysis 160 82 Animal Ethics 121 107 Stomates 161 83 Organ and Tissue Transplantation 122 108 Experiment – Leaf Stomates 163 84 Bioartificial Organs 123 109 Experiment – Transpiration 164 85 Respiratory Systems 124 110 Leaves 166 86 Alveoli 127 111 Transport Systems In Plants 168 87 Gas Exchange, Breathing and Ventilation 128 112 Experiment – Movement In Xylem 171 88 Gas Concentrations Around the Body 129 113 Radioisotopes Track the Movement Of 172 89 Chemical Monitoring 131 Substances In Organisms 90 The Digestive System 132 114 Root Structure 174 91 Microscopic Digestive Surfaces 134 115 Adaptations In Plants 175 92 Experiment – Rat Dissection 135 Topic 2 Test 177 93 Teeth 137 94 Mechanical Digestion 139 Answers 181 95 Chemical Digestion 140 Syllabus Cross-Reference 225 96 Accessory Digestive Organs 142 Index 229 97 Absorption 144 Science Press iviv Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms Surfing QCE Biology Introduction This book covers the Biology content specified in the Queensland Certificate of Education Biology Syllabus. Sample data has been included for suggested experiments to give you practice to reinforce practical work in class. Each book in the Surfing series contains a summary, with occasional more detailed sections, of all the mandatory parts of the syllabus, along with questions and answers. All types of questions – multiple choice, short response, structured response and free response – are provided. Questions are written in exam style so that you will become familiar with the concepts of the topic and answering questions in the required way. Answers to all questions are included. A topic test at the end of each topic contains an extensive set of summary questions. These cover every aspect of the topic, and are useful for revision and exam practice. Science Press Surfing QCE Biology Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms v Words To Watch account, account for State reasons for, report on, give explain Make something clear or easy to understand. an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. analyse Interpret data to reach conclusions. extrapolate Infer from what is known. annotate Add brief notes to a diagram or graph. hypothesise Suggest an explanation for a group of facts apply Put to use in a particular situation. or phenomena. assess Make a judgement about the value of something. identify Recognise and name. calculate Find a numerical answer. interpret Draw meaning from. clarify Make clear or plain. investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories. about. comment Give a judgement based on a given statement justify Support an argument or conclusion. or result of a calculation. label Add labels to a diagram. compare Estimate, measure or note how things are list Give a sequence of names or other brief answers. similar or different. measure Find a value for a quantity. construct Represent or develop in graphical form. outline Give a brief account or summary. contrast Show how things are different or opposite. plan Use strategies to develop a series of steps or create Originate or bring into existence. processes. deduce Reach a conclusion from given information. predict Give an expected result. define Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase or propose Put forward a plan or suggestion for physical quantity. consideration or action. demonstrate Show by example. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. derive Manipulate a mathematical relationship(s) to give relate Tell or report about happenings, events or a new equation or relationship. circumstances. describe Give a detailed account. represent Use words, images or symbols to convey design Produce a plan, simulation or model. meaning. determine Find the only possible answer. select Choose in preference to another or others. discuss Talk or write about a topic, taking into account sequence Arrange in order. different issues or ideas. show Give the steps in a calculation or derivation. distinguish Give differences between two or more different items. sketch Make a quick, rough drawing of something. draw Represent by means of pencil lines. solve Work out the answer to a problem. estimate Find an approximate value for an unknown state Give a specific name, value or other brief answer. quantity. suggest Put forward an idea for consideration. evaluate Assess the implications and limitations. summarise Give a brief statement of the main points. examine Inquire into. synthesise Combine various elements to make a whole. Science Press vivi Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms Surfing QCE Biology UNIT QCE BIOLOGY 1 UNIT 1 CELLS AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Science Press Surfing QCE Biology Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms 1 Notes Science Press 2 Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms Surfing QCE Biology UNIT QCE BIOLOGY 1 TOPIC 1 CELLS AS THE BASIS OF LIFE Science Press Surfing QCE Biology Unit 1 Cells and Multicellular Organisms 3 1 Assumed Knowledge Topic 1 QUESTIONS 16. Why is photosynthesis an important process in ecosystems? 1. Identify seven properties of living organisms 17. Name the four basic groups of organic compounds 2. The cell is the basic unit of life What structural 18. What are inorganic compounds? features of cells are possessed by all living things? 19. Define respiration 3. Draw a fully labelled diagram of a plant cell as seen 20. Distinguish between an autotroph and a heterotroph under a light microscope 21. Define diffusion. 4. Draw a fully labelled diagram of an animal cell as 22. Define osmosis. seen under a light microscope 23. The diagram shows an experiment where a bag made 5. Identify the following parts of a light microscope of dialysis tubing which acts as a selectively permeable and use by a person membrane was filled with molecules and placed in a A beaker containing the same type of molecules B X Molecule Selectively permeable membrane C Y D E Figure 1.3 Experiment set-up. F After a few hours it was noted that there were more molecules in area X Explain what had happened Figure 1.1 Light microscope. 24.