IMISCOE fibbi, wanner, topgul & ugrina & topgul wanner, fibbi, The New Second Generation in Switzerland: Youth of Turkish and Former Yugoslav RESEARCH Descent in Zürich and Basel focuses on children of Turkish and former Yugoslav descent in Switzerland. A common thread running through the various chapters is a comparison, with previous research concerning the second generation of Italian and Spanish origin in Switzerland. The study illuminates the current situation of the children of Turkish and former Yugoslav immigrants through a detailed description of their school trajectories, labour market positions, family formation, social relations The New Second and identity. The book is an invaluable supplement to other previously published studies using data gathered from the TIES project (The Integration of the European Second Generation). Generation in Switzerland Rosita Fibbi is senior researcher at the Swiss Forum for Migration Studies (SFM) at Youth of Turkish and Former Yugoslav the University of Neuchâtel and senior lecturer in sociology at the University of Lausanne. Philippe Wanner is demography professor at the University of Geneva. The New The Descent in Zürich and Basel Ceren Topgül and Dušan Ugrina were doctoral students at those universities. Rosita Fibbi, Philippe Wanner, S econd G Ceren Topgül & Dušan Ugrina eneration in S witz erland STOCSKHTOCOLMKHOLM FRANFRKFANURTKFURT BERLIBEN RLIN AMSTAMSTERDAMERDAM ROTTERDAMROTTERDAM ANTWERANTWERP P BRUSSELBRUSSELS S PARISPARIS STRASBOURGSTRASBOURG MADRIMDADRID BARCELBARCELONA ONA VIENNAVIENNA LINZ LINZ BASLEBASLE ZURICHZURICH AUP.nl STOCKHOLM FRANKFURT BERLIN AMSTERDAM ROTTERDAM ANTWERP BRUSSELS PARIS STRASBOURG MADRID BARCELONA VIENNA LINZ BASLE ZURICH The New Second Generation in Switzerland IMISCOE International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe The IMISCOE Research Network unites researchers from some 30 institutes specialising in studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion in Europe. What began in 2004 as a Network of Excellence sponsored by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission became, as of April 2009, an independent self-funding endeavour. IMISCOE promotes integrated, multidisciplinary and globally comparative research led by scholars from various branches of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The network furthers existing studies and pioneers new scholarship on migration and migrant integration. Encouraging innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governance is also a priority. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series makes the network’s findings and results available to researchers, policymakers and practitioners, the media and other interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts are evaluated by external peer reviews and the IMISCOE Editorial Committee. The committee comprises the following members: Tiziana Caponio, Department of Political Studies, University of Turin / Forum for International and European Research on Immigration (FIERI), Turin, Italy Michael Collyer, Sussex Centre for Migration Research (SCMR), University of Sussex, United Kingdom Rosita Fibbi, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM), University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland / Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne Agata Górny, Centre of Migration Research (CMR) / Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland Albert Kraler, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna, Austria Jean-Michel Lafleur, Center for Ethnic and Migration Studies (CEDEM), University of Liège, Belgium Jorge Malheiros, Centre of Geographical Studies (CEG), University of Lisbon, Portugal Eva Østergaard-Nielsen, Department of Political Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain Marlou Schrover, Institute for History, Leiden University, The Netherlands Patrick Simon, National Demographic Institute (INED), Paris, France IMISCOE Policy Briefs and more information on the network can be found at www.imiscoe.org. The New Second Generation in Switzerland Youth of Turkish and Former Yugoslav Descent in Zurich and Basel Rosita Fibbi, Philippe Wanner, Ceren Topgül and Dušan Ugrina IMISCOE Research Amsterdam University Press Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer BNO, Amsterdam Typesetting: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 843 3 e-isbn 978 90 4852 696 3 (pdf) nur 740 | 763 © Rosita Fibbi, Ceren Topgül, Dušan Ugrina & Philippe Wanner / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2015 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book. Table of contents Preface 11 1 The new second generation in Switzerland 13 Youth of Turkish and former Yugoslav descent in Zurich and Basel Rosita Fibbi, Ceren Topgül, Dušan Ugrina and Philippe Wanner 1.1 The old and the new second generation 13 1.2 Research on the second generation in Switzerland 14 1.2.1 The second generation from Italy and Spain 14 1.2.2 The new second generation from Turkey 15 1.2.3 The new second generation from Yugoslavia 15 1.3 The theoretical background 16 1.3.1 Second generation: Definition and historical processes 16 1.3.2 Structural integration 18 1.3.3 Deconstructing the national frame 20 1.4 The TIES study in Switzerland 20 1.4.1 Scope and structure of the book 23 2 Migration history and demographic characteristics of the two second-generation groups 29 2.1 Immigration in Switzerland: A general overview 29 2.1.1 Admission policies 30 2.1.2 Immigrant policies 33 2.1.3 Naturalisation policies 35 2.2 Immigration from Turkey and the successor states of Yugoslavia: A short historical appraisal 36 2.2.1 Immigration from Turkey 36 2.2.2 Immigration from Yugoslavia and its successor states 38 2.3 The agglomerations of Zurich and Basel 42 2.3.1 Demographic characteristics of the cities 42 2.3.2 The Turkish and SSYU populations in the agglomerations of Zurich and Basel 43 2.3.3 Structure of the labour market in the agglomerations of Zurich and Basel 44 2.3.4 Local integration policies in Zurich and Basel 45 2.4 Demographic characteristics of the second generation in the TIES sample 46 2.4.1 Age and sex structure of the sample 47 2.4.2 Civil status of respondents 48 2.5 Living arrangements 51 2.5.1 Living in the parental home 51 2.5.2 Leaving the parental home 53 2.6 The second generation and the institutional environment 57 2.6.1 Naturalisation behaviour 57 2.6.2 Turkish and SSYU communities in Basel and Zurich 60 2.7 Conclusions 63 3 Socio-demographic characteristics of the parents 67 3.1 Immigrant parents’ background 67 3.1.1 Regional background 68 3.1.2 Linguistic background 71 3.1.3 Family’s religious background 73 3.2 Educational background of the parents 75 3.2.1 Educational situation in Turkey and Yugoslavia in the seventies 76 3.2.2 The educational capital of parents 77 3.2.3 Parental local-language proficiency 79 3.3 Parental migration history and current work situation 80 3.3.1 Timing and reason for immigration 80 3.3.2 Naturalisation of Turkish and SSYU parents 84 3.3.3 Current status of parents’ labour force participation 87 3.4 Parental couples and household size 89 3.4.1 Couple composition and mixed marriages 89 3.4.2 Divorce rate and intact families 90 3.4.3 Household size 91 3.5 Conclusions 92 4 Education of the second generation 97 4.1 Main features of the Swiss educational systems 97 4.1.1 Pre-school and compulsory education 97 4.1.2 Post-compulsory secondary education 99 4.1.3 Tertiary education 100 4.1.4 Education systems in Zurich and Basel 102 4.1.5 Educational equity: An open question 104 4.2 Children of Turkish and SSYU descent in pre-school and primary education 105 4.2.1 Entry into the school system 105 4.2.2 Special classes in primary school 107 4.2.3 Concentration of immigrant origin children in primary school 110 4.3 Children of Turkish and SSYU descent in secondary education 111 4.3.1 Lower secondary schools 112 4.3.2 Post-compulsory education and training 115 4.3.3 Perception and experiences at school 117 4.4 Present educational situation 120 4.4.1 Currently in education 120 4.4.2 Training of respondents currently in education 122 4.4.3 Highest achieved level of respondents currently not in education 125 4.5 Factors influencing educational achievement 129 4.5.1 Family involvement in education 129 4.5.2 Intergenerational social mobility 133 4.5.3 Naturalisation: A positive selection? 135 4.6 Conclusions 138 5 Labour market position of the second generation 143 5.1 Labour market participation of foreigners and the second generation 144 5.1.1 Labour market position of foreigners 144 5.1.2 Labour force participation of the second generation 146 5.1.3 Factors affecting labour force participation 154 5.2 Quality of labour market participation 156 5.2.1 Working conditions 157 5.2.2 Occupational level 160 5.2.3 Occupational prestige 164 5.2.4 Evaluation of career and living conditions 167 5.3 Barriers to effective labour market integration 170 5.3.1 Access to first job 171 5.3.2 Access to the public sector 172 5.3.3 Mismatch between education level and job requirements 174 5.3.4 Perceived discrimination in the labour market 176 5.4 Conclusions 178