U.S. Department of the Interior Geologic Investigations U.S. Geological Survey Series I-2761 Cover Photos High waves at Koko Head, Oahu. Stream flooding along the Hanalei Flying debris in Lihue, Kauai, during (Photo, Steve Businger.) River, Kauai. (Photo, Scott Calhoun.) Hurricane Iniki. (Photo, Bruce Asato.) Beach loss is more common along Tsunami bore entering the mouth of Sea-level rise and coastal erosion hardened shorelines (left) than along the Wailuku River, Hilo, Hawaii, on threaten much of the coastline and unhardened shorelines (right), April 1, 1946. infrastructure in Hawaii, Honokowai Kaaawa,Oahu.(Photo,Charles Fletcher.) (Photo, Shigeru Ushijima.) Point, Maui. (Photo, Charles Fletcher.) Destruction at Princeville Airport, Coastal erosion at the Halama Kauai in the wake of Hurricane Iniki. shoreline in Kihei, Maui. Lava entering the sea near Kalapana, (Photo, Bruce Richmond.) (Photo, Charles Fletcher.) Hawaii. (Photo, Scott Rowland.) U.S. Department of the Interior Geologic Investigations U.S. Geological Survey Series I-2761 Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone By Charles H. Fletcher III, Eric E. Grossman, Bruce M. Richmond, and Ann E. Gibbs Prepared in cooperation with University of Hawaii, State of Hawaii Office of Planning, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary Acknowledgements U.S. Geologic Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Additional Research Iris Stewart and Alex Ress University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply Department of Geology and Geophysics endorsement by the U.S Government 1680 East-West Road Honolulu, HI 96822 Cartography United States Government Printing Office: 2002 Jane J. Eckelman Manoa Mapworks, Inc. P. O. Box 61717 Honolulu, HI 96839 For additional copies please contact: Graphic Design and Cartography USGS Information Services Brooks Bays and Nancy Hulbert BOX 25286 Denver, CO 80225 University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Geology and Geophysics 1680 East-West Road Honolulu, HI 96822 For more inofrmation about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-800-ASK-USGS Meteorology and Climate Information World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Tom Schroeder and Steve Businger University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Meteorology Text edited by Jan L. Zigler 2525 Correa Road Manuscript approved for publication, January 9 , 2002 Honolulu, HI 96822 Photographs Bruce Asato, Steve Businger, Chip Fletcher, Eric Grossman, Bruce Richmond, Scott Rowland Contents Purpose and Structure . .2 Stream flooding . .50 Molokai and Lanai (continued) Hawaii (continued) Introduction . .2 High waves . .51 Maunalei . .94 Honopue . .138 Purpose . .2 Strong winds . .52 Halepalaoa Landing . .95 Waipio Valley . .139 Technical Map Series . .2 Technical Hazard Maps Hulopoe Bay . .96 Honokaa . .140 Ranking Hazard Intensity . .2 Honolulu . .53 Palaoa Point . .97 Paauilo . .141 Intensity Variables . .4 Pearl Harbor . .54 Kaumalapali Harbor . .98 Ookala . .142 Overall Hazard Assessment . .4 Barbers Point . .55 Keanapapa Point . .99 Laupahoehoe Point . .143 Report Structure . .4 Nanakuli . .56 Ninole . .144 Notes on Specific Hazards . .4 Waianae . .57 Maui . .101 Honomu . .145 Coastal Slope . .4 Makua . .58 Index to Technical Hazard Maps . .102 Pepeekeo . .146 Geology . .5 Kaena Point . .59 Tsunamis . .103 Hilo . .147 Tsunamis . .6 Haleiwa . .60 Stream flooding . .104 Leleiwi Point . .148 Stream Flooding . .7 Waimea Bay . .61 High waves . .105 Makuu . .149 High Waves . .10 Kahuku . .62 Strong winds . .106 Nanawale . .150 Storm . .11 Laie . .63 Technical Hazard Maps Cape Kumukahi . .151 Erosion . .20 Kahana . .64 Wailuku . .107 Pualaa . .152 Sea Level . .21 Kaneohe . .65 Paia . .108 Opihikao . .153 Seismicity and Volcanism . .22 Mokapu . .66 Opana Point . .109 Kalapana . .154 Concluding Notes . .25 Kailua . .67 Keanae . .110 Laeapuki . .155 Waimanalo . .68 Nahiku . .111 Kealakomo . .156 Technical Hazard Maps . .26 Koko Head . .69 Honomaele . .112 Halape . .157 Index to Technical Maps . .26 Diamond Head . .70 Hana . .113 Kau Desert . .158 1 Muolea . .114 Puu Moo . .159 Kauai . .27 Molokai and Lanai . .71 Kipahulu . .115 Punaluu . .160 Index to Technical Hazard Maps . .28 Index to Technical Hazard Maps . .72 Kaupo . .116 Honuapo . .161 Tsunami . .29 Tsunamis . .73 Nakaohu . .117 Waikapuna . .162 Stream flooding . .30 Stream flooding . .74 Wekea . .118 Mahana Bay . .163 High waves . .31 High waves . .75 La Perouse Bay . .119 Kailikii . .164 Strong winds . .32 Strong winds . .76 Wailea . .120 Pohue Bay . .165 Technical Hazard Maps Technical Hazard Maps Maalaea Bay . .121 Kauna Point . .166 Hanamaulu . .33 Ilio Point . .77 Olowalu . .122 Manuka Bay . .167 Nawiliwili . .34 Moomomi . .78 Lahaina . .123 Milolii . ..