Transportation corridors and community structures September 2012 Malcolm Douglass John Dryden NZ Transport Agency research report 496 ISBN 978-0-478-39481-0 (electronic) ISSN 1173-3764 (electronic) NZ Transport Agency Private Bag 6995, Wellington 6141, New Zealand Telephone 64 4 894 5400; facsimile 64 4 894 6100 [email protected] www.nzta.govt.nz Douglass, M1 and JG Dryden2 (2012) Transportation corridors and community structures. NZ Transport Agency research report 496. 149pp. 1 Malcolm Douglass, Planner and Transportation Engineer, City and Regional Council Officer and Consultant 1954 – 2011. 2 John Dryden, Planner and Surveyor, formerly City Planner with Christchurch City Council. This publication is copyright © NZ Transport Agency 2012. Material in it may be reproduced for personal or in-house use without formal permission or charge, provided suitable acknowledgement is made to this publication and the NZ Transport Agency as the source. Requests and enquiries about the reproduction of material in this publication for any other purpose should be made to the Research Programme Manager, Programmes, Funding and Assessment, National Office, NZ Transport Agency, Private Bag 6995, Wellington 6141. Keywords: assessments, community, corridors, development, district, environment, impacts, integration, land use, limited access, motorways, planning, public programmes, regional, sensitivity roads, strategies, traffic, transportation, urban form An important note for the reader The NZ Transport Agency is a Crown entity established under the Land Transport Management Act 2003. The objective of the Agency is to undertake its functions in a way that contributes to an affordable, integrated, safe, responsive and sustainable land transport system. Each year, the NZ Transport Agency funds innovative and relevant research that contributes to this objective. The views expressed in research reports are the outcomes of the independent research, and should not be regarded as being the opinion or responsibility of the NZ Transport Agency. The material contained in the reports should not be construed in any way as policy adopted by the NZ Transport Agency or indeed any agency of the NZ Government. The reports may, however, be used by NZ Government agencies as a reference in the development of policy. While research reports are believed to be correct at the time of their preparation, the NZ Transport Agency and agents involved in their preparation and publication do not accept any liability for use of the research. People using the research, whether directly or indirectly, should apply and rely on their own skill and judgement. They should not rely on the contents of the research reports in isolation from other sources of advice and information. If necessary, they should seek appropriate legal or other expert advice. Acknowledgements The authors thank the members of the Steering Group including Stuart Woods, Terry Brown, Tony Brennand, Brian Hassell, Ian Clark, Wayne MacDonald and the Peer Reviewers Ewen Henderson, Philip McDermott and Dr Chris Kissling for their comments and contributions. During the course of the research discussions have been held with lawyers, other planners and engineers and we have also been informed by a considerable array of reports prepared for and by the New Zealand Transport Agency (and its predecessors), regional councils, city councils and consultants employed in the fields of regional and district planning, motorway scheme planning and environmental assessments. While these people have provided valuable comment it has not always coincided with the views of the authors. The views expressed and recommendations included here are those of the authors. We have appreciated the patient support of the NZTA management which has over six years enabled this review to be undertaken. We hope the result will prove of value as a basis for regional and city planners and their transportation planning colleagues to more confidently contribute to improve strategic urban planning and the development of future multi-function transportation corridors. Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Project brief and intentions ........................................................................................... 9 1.2 Relevant key topic areas ................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Historic background ..................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Definition of transportation corridors ......................................................................... 14 1.5 Integrated corridor planning ....................................................................................... 18 1.6 Institutional integration and leadership ...................................................................... 22 2 Literature review ..................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.1 General bibliography .................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Australian practice ....................................................................................................... 24 2.3 Recent NZTA research reports ..................................................................................... 26 2.4 Project scheme reports ................................................................................................ 28 3 Existing institutional framework and strategies ................................................................................ 29 3.1 NZ Transport Strategy and Connecting New Zealand ................................................ 29 3.2 Land Transport Management Act 2003 ...................................................................... 29 3.3 Role of the NZ Transport Agency ................................................................................ 30 3.4 Commentary on regional land transport strategies ................................................... 31 3.5 Regional collaboration ................................................................................................. 33 3.6 City and district plans .................................................................................................. 34 3.7 Public involvement ....................................................................................................... 35 3.8 Role of the Environment Court .................................................................................... 35 3.9 Benefit cost and strategic priorities ............................................................................ 36 3.10 Summary on strategies and processes........................................................................ 37 4 Arterial roads and access control ................................................................................................................. 38 4.1 Road hierarchy classification and access .................................................................... 38 4.2 The challenge of access management ........................................................................ 40 4.3 Evolution of state highway limited access roads ........................................................ 40 4.4 City and district vehicle access management ............................................................. 43 4.5 Collaborative national, regional, city and district network policies .......................... 43 5 Major transport corridor planning ............................................................................................................... 45 5.1 General situation .......................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Corridor planning approach ........................................................................................ 46 5.3 Commentary ‘on again off again’ ................................................................................ 47 5.4 Corridor locations, urban form and corridor widths .................................................. 48 5.5 Conclusions and standards ......................................................................................... 52 6 Regions and roads of national significance ........................................................................................... 53 6.1 Integrated corridor planning ....................................................................................... 53 6.2 Regional characteristics ............................................................................................... 54 6.3 Commitment and four key case studies ..................................................................... 56 6.4 Roads of national significance ..................................................................................... 60 5 7 Assessment of selected projects .................................................................................................................