Conservation of Heritage Curtilages in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nadiyanti Mat Nayan A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture and Built Environment Faculty of Professions July 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………..…...…………………………….… i ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………..…... vii DECLARATION ………………………………………………………………………..….... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………..……... xi LIST OF PUBLICATIONS………………………………....…………………………….… xiii LIST OF TABLES………………………………...……………………………………….… xv LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………...…….….. xvii ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………………... xxi CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH 1.1 Overview …………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Background of the Research………………..………………………………………….. 1 1.3 Research Objectives……………..……………………………………..…………….… 3 1.4 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………. 4 1.5 Scope and the Limitations of the Research……………………………………….….. 6 1.6 Structure of the Thesis……………..…………………………..…………………..…… 8 CHAPTER 02: KUALA LUMPUR FROM THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 11 2.2 Kuala Lumpur City in Historical Perspective………………………………………….. 11 2.2.1 Kuala Lumpur in the early 1850s …………………………………………… 13 2.2.2 Kuala Lumpur in the mid-1850s to 1860s ………………………...……….. 14 2.2.3 Kuala Lumpur in the early 1860s …………………………………………… 15 2.2.4 Kuala Lumpur in the early 1870s …………………………………………… 15 2.2.5 Kuala Lumpur in the early 1880s …………………………………………… 17 2.2.6 Kuala Lumpur in the early 1890s …………………………………………… 19 2.2.7 Kuala Lumpur in the early 1900s …………………………………………… 22 2.3 Kuala Lumpur: From a Village to a Town…………………….……………………….. 23 i | Table of Contents 2.3.1 The Malay Enclave ……………………...…………………………………… 25 2.3.2 The Chinese Settlement ………………….………………………...……….. 27 2.3.3 The British Empire …………………………………………………………… 30 2.4 Kuala Lumpur: From Shanty Town to Metropolitan City…………………………….. 32 2.4.1 Streets in Kuala Lumpur ……………………...…………………………...… 32 2.4.2 Shophouses in Kuala Lumpur ..………….………………………...……….. 34 2.4.3 Moorish Style Buildings in Kuala Lumpur .………………………………… 36 2.4.4 Historical Spaces of Kuala Lumpur..…….………………………...……….. 37 2.4.5 The Future of the Old Town of Kuala Lumpur.…………..………………… 39 2.5 Conclusion ………………………………………..……………………………………… 42 CHAPTER 03: UNDERSTANDING OF HERITAGE 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 45 3.2 Heritage ………………………………………………………………………………….. 45 3.3 Cultural Heritage ……………………………..………………………………………… 51 3.3.1 Valuing Cultural Heritage ……………………………………………………. 52 3.4 Cultural Heritage Conservation ………………………………………………………... 55 3.4.1 Monuments Conservation …………………………………………………… 58 3.4.2 Groups of Buildings Conservation ………………………………………….. 60 3.4.3 Sites Conservation …………………………………………………………… 61 3.5 Urban Conservation …………………………………………………………………….. 63 3.6 Conclusion ………………………………………..……………………………………… 66 CHAPTER 04: THEORIES OF HERITAGE CURTILAGE 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 69 4.2 Interpretation of Curtilage ………………………………………………………………. 69 4.3 Legal Interpretation of Curtilage in the United States of America …………………. 71 4.4 Legal Interpretation of Curtilage in the United Kingdom ……………………………. 74 4.5 Legal Interpretation of Curtilage in Australia …………………………………………. 79 4.6 International Legislation on Heritage Curtilage ………………………………………. 83 4.6.1 UNESCO ……………………………………………………………………… 83 4.6.2 ICOMOS ………………………………………………………………………. 86 4.6.3 Australia ICOMOS ……………………………………………………………. 87 4.7 Conservation of Heritage Curtilage in Australia ……………………………………… 89 4.7.1 Types of Heritage Curtilage …………………………………………………. 90 ii | Table of Contents 4.7.2 The Importance of Heritage Curtilage Conservation ……………………... 94 4.8 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 95 CHAPTER 05: HERITAGE CURTILAGE CONSERVATION IN MALAYSIA 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 97 5.2 Malaysia’s Legislation on Conservation of Heritage Buildings and Sites………….... 97 5.2.1 Antiquities Act 1976 (Act 168)…………………………………………..…… 98 5.2.2 Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171)…….………………………………. 103 5.2.3 Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)…………………………... 105 5.2.4 National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645)………………………………………. 108 5.3 Enactments, Conservation Plans, and Guidelines of Heritage Building and Site at State Level (Penang and Melaka) …………………………………………………………. 117 5.3.1 Heritage Building and Site Conservation in Penang……………………… 117 5.3.2 Heritage Building and Site Conservation in Melaka…….………………… 124 5.4 Guidelines related to the Heritage Conservation in Malaysia ……………………… 132 5.4.1 Guidelines for the Conservation of Heritage Building (2012)…………….. 132 5.4.2 Guidelines for the Preparation of Conservation Management Plan for Site/Heritage Buildings (2015)…….……………………………………………..… 134 5.5 Conservation Plans and Guidelines of Heritage Building and Site at Federal Territory (Kuala Lumpur) ……………………………………………………………………. 135 5.5.1 Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 (KLSP2020) (2004)………….....…… 136 5.5.2 Draft Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020 (DKLCP2020) (2008)………….……. 139 5.5.3 Guidelines of City of Kuala Lumpur………………………………………..... 144 5.5.4 Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley (Greater KL) (2010)………………... 145 5.6 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 146 CHAPTER 06: RESEARCH DESIGN 6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 149 6.2 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………. 150 6.3 Research Methodology / Selection of Study Approach ……………………..………. 151 6.4 Research Philosophy: Interpretative Paradigm …………………………………...…. 152 6.5 Research Approaches ………………………..…………………………...……………. 154 6.5.1 Inductive Approach …………………………………………………………... 154 6.5.2 Phenomenological Approach ……………………………………………….. 155 6.5.3 Case Studies Approach ……………………………………………………... 156 iii | Table of Contents 6.6 Research Techniques …………………………………………………………………... 157 6.6.1 Stage 01: Literature Reviews ………………………………..……………... 158 6.6.2 Stage 02: Reviewing the Heritage Curtilage Concepts and Theories ….. 159 6.6.3 Stage 03: Site Observations ………………………………………………... 159 6.6.4 Stage 03: Interviews …………………………………………………………. 161 6.7 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………….………… 169 6.7.1 Analysing the Case Study …………………………..………….…….……... 169 6.7.2 Analysing Interviews ….………………..………….……………………….... 170 6.7.3 Validity……………………….…………………………………………….…... 172 6.7.4 Reliability …………………………………………………………...…………. 173 6.7.5 Generalisability ……………………………………………...……………….. 173 6.8 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 174 CHAPTER 07: ANALYSIS OF HERITAGE CURTILAGE IN MALAYSIA 7.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 175 7.2 Heritage Awareness in Malaysia ………………………………………………………. 176 7.2.1 Interpretation of Heritage ……………………………………………………. 177 7.2.2 Forming Malaysian Identity through Heritage …………………….………. 179 7.3 Appreciation towards the Importance of Heritage Buildings and its Curtilages…… 182 7.3.1 Recognition of Heritage Buildings ………………………………………….. 182 7.3.2 Sensitivity towards Heritage Buildings and their Curtilages ……………... 184 7.3.3 Understanding of Heritage Buildings and Curtilages in Malaysia ……….. 195 7.4 Implementation of Laws on Conservation of Heritage Buildings and its Curtilages 212 7.4.1 Management of Heritage Buildings and its Curtilages …………………… 212 7.4.2 Expectation of Future Management of Heritage Buildings and its Curtilages ……………………………………………………………………… 215 7.5 Future of Heritage Conservation and Curtilages in Malaysia ……………………… 218 7.5.1 The Impact of Heritage Conservation Issues towards the Establishment of Heritage Curtilages in Malaysia ……………….……………………………….. 218 7.6 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 230 CHAPTER 08: DISCUSSION 8.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 233 8.2 Heritage Conservation from the Monument to Space……………………………….. 233 8.3 Heritage Curtilage Conservation: Theories, Concepts and Legal Legislations…… 235 iv | Table of Contents 8.4 Existing Legal Documents and Heritage Curtilage Conservation in Malaysia..…... 235 8.5 The Role of the Government, Local Authorities, and NGOs in developing future Conservation Plans …………………………………………………………………..…. 236 8.6 Criteria for Heritage Curtilage Conservation in Malaysia……………………………. 237 8.6.1 Development of the Criteria………………………………………..………... 238 8.6.1.1 Historical Research and Present Situation………………...……. 240 8.6.1.2 Connection between a Heritage Building and its Surroundings 240 8.6.1.3 Visual Catchment ………………………………………………….. 241 8.6.1.4 Buffer Area …………………………………………………………. 241 8.6.1.5 Setting ………………………………………………………………. 241 8.7 Future Research ………………………………………………………………………… 242 8.8 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 242 REFERENCES 245 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Ethics Application.............................……………………………………… 273 APPENDIX B: Ethics Approval……………………………………………………………… 279 APPENDIX C: Information Sheet…………………………………………………………… 280 APPENDIX D: Consent Form……..………………………………………………………… 282 APPENDIX E: Independent Complaints Procedure……………………………………… 283 APPENDIX F: Questionnaires (Kuala Lumpur’s Participants)………...………………… 284 APPENDIX G: Questionnaires (Participants from Penang and Melaka)………….…… 289 v | Table of Contents ABSTRACT Built environment heritage is increasingly vulnerable in South East Asia due to increasing urbanisation and rapid urban development. This dissertation examines the value of the concept of heritage curtilages in Malaysia, with an explicit focus on Kuala Lumpur. The concept is still relatively new in the field of heritage conservation and it is closely related to concepts of setting or context. Curtilage comprises