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UMI University Microlilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9002008 Welsh choral music in America in the nineteenth century Pohly, Linda Louise, Ph.D. Tlie Ohio State University, 1989 Copyright © 1 9 8 9 by Pohly, Linda Louise. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb R d Ann Aibor, MI 48106 WELSH CHORAL MUSIC IN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Linda Louise Pohly, B.A., M.M. ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee Approved by Martha Maas Co-Adviser Susan L. Porter Co-Adviser School of Music Burdette Green Copyright by Linda Louise Pohly 1989 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I appreciate the guidance and support given by Drs. Martha Maas, Susan Porter, and Burdette Green. Thanks go to Dr. Edward George Hartmann of Boston and Lloyd Savage of Chillicothe, Ohio, for their suggestions and advice. Gratitude is expressed to the staffs of the National Library of Wales, the Lackawanna Historical Society, the Ohio Historical Society, the Ohio State University Libraries, the Allen County Historical Society, the Oak Hill Welsh Museum, the Milwaukee Public Library, the Lyon County Historical Museum, Butler County Community College Library, and all the other libraries and museums that contributed Welsh materials. I gratefully acknowledge the help of all who assisted in the research as I travelled about Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Kansas, and the financial support of the Ohio State University, the National Welsh-American Foundation, and my family. I thank the Barnharts and the Welsh-Americans that I met who so willingly offered their assistance and accommodations, and my family and friends for their patience and help. The technical assistance of Bill Morgen is sincerely appreciated. ii VITA September 2, 1954 .........Born - Mt. Clemens, Michigan 1976 ...................... B.A., Olivet College, Olivet, Michigan 1978 ...................... M.M., Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 1979-1981................... Instructor of Music, Pratt Community College, Pratt, Kansas 1981-Present ............. Instructor of Music, Butler County Community College, El Dorado, Kansas 1985-1986, 1989 ............ Teaching Associate, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Early Musical Development in Wichita," Kansas History 5, no. 4 (Winter 1982): 243-255. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Musicology American Music Choral music iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................... ii VITA ............................................... iii LIST OF F I G U R E S ................................. vi INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Welsh Musical Customs and Emigration ......... 1 The Musical Background in Wales ................ 4 The Pattern of Welsh Immigration to the United States ........................................ 7 CHAPTER PAGE I. WELSH CHORAL ACTIVITY IN PENNSYLVANIA AND O H I O ................................. 10 The Welsh in Pennsylvania.......... 10 Welsh Immigration to Pennsylvania . 10 Early Musical Activity ................ 13 Later Musical Activity ................ 19 The Welsh in O h i o ................... 34 Welsh Immigration to O h i o ........ 34 The Beginning of Musical Activity . 37 Competitions ........................... 41 C o n c e r t s .......................... 48 Musical Celebrations Honoring St. David 49 Cymanfaoedd C a n u ................. 51 II. WELSH CHORAL ACTIVITY IN WISCONSIN AND KANSAS ................................... 52 The Welsh in W i s c o n s i n ............. 52 Welsh Immigration to Wisconsin .... 52 Early Musical Development ............. 55 Wisconsin Eisteddfodau after 1880 . 61 St. David's Celebrations ............. 65 Cymanfaoedd C a n u ................. 66 The International Eisteddfod of the World's F a i r ................... 68 iv The Welsh In Kansas .................... 74 Welsh Immigration to K a n s a s ........... 74 Early Musical Activity in Kansas . 76 Development of the Kansas Eisteddfod . 77 Non-Competitive Musical Events .... 84 III. CONCERT AND CONTEST M U S I C ................... 87 Music by Composers Not of Welsh H e r i t a g e ............................. 87 Welsh National Music Performed in A m e r i c a ............................... 90 Music by Welsh and Welsh-American Composers............................. 91 Musical Preferences in Welsh-American Communities........................... 92 Characteristics of the Welsh and Welsh- American Repertoire .................. 94 IV. WELSH HYMNODY IN A M E R I C A ....................... 105 Hymn Collections in W a l e s ................ 105 The Tonic Sol-fa System ................ 108 Welsh Hymnals in A m e r i c a ................ Ill Hymns Sung by Welsh-Amer ic a n s ............121 Hymns at Cymanfaoedd Canu and Eisteddfodau ......................... 126 Nineteenth-Century Welsh Hymns in the Twentieth Century .................... 128 V. WELSH IMPACT ON AMERICAN MUSICAL DEVELOPMENT 131 APPENDICES A. Welsh Musical Events Through 1900 149 B. The Ancient Bardic Gorsedd ................... 160 C. Welsh and Welsh-American Composers .......... 163 D. Welsh and Welsh-American Musical Examples . 176 E. Welsh Hymnals in A m e r i c a ........................236 F. Characteristics of the Twenty-six Hymns Printed Most Frequently .................. 239 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................... 245 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1. Welsh Population Centers in Pennsylvania . 12 2. Welsh Population Centers in Oh i o ...... 35 3. Welsh Population Centers in Wisconsin .. 53 4. Welsh Population Centers in Kansas ......... 76 5. Incipit of the hymn tune "Bangor" in standard and Tonic Sol-fa notation .......... Ill vi INTRODUCTION Welsh Musical Customs and Emigration Among the many immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century were approximately 267,000 persons of Welsh background. Like many others they were in search of new economic and political opportunities following several years of poor harvests in Wales in the late 1790s and economic turmoil brought about by French and English conflicts.* At first, the Welsh immigrants were mostly of agricultural background, but by the later 1820s, skilled workers, particularly miners, arrived as well. Records of the United States Bureau of the Census indicate that immigration occurred in large numbers in 1860 when 45,700 Welsh arrived, and that the peak of immigration occurred during the 1890s when Welsh immigrants numbered more than 100,000. Like other ethnic and cultural groups, the Welsh brought to the American shores a long tradition of vocal music performance. This tradition included the eisteddfod *Edward George Hartmann, Americans from Vales (Boston: Christopher Publishing, 1967), 62; Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, 1981 ed., s.v. "Welsh," by Rowland Berthoff. 2 (plural eisteddfodau), a literary and musical competition, and the gymanfa ganu (or, by mutation in the Welsh language, cymanfa canu; plural cymanfaoedd canu), a more informal gathering for the harmonized singing of church hymns. The Welsh in America also established the practice of honoring their patron saint, David, by hosting celebrations with music on St. David's Day, 1 March.* These affairs often contained elements of both the competitive eisteddfod and sacred gymanfa ganu. Documented information regarding the sponsorship of and participation in these Welsh events by Welsh- Americans is available only for the period following 1850. While it might be assumed that irregular and informal musical gatherings took place among the Welsh (a people known for their love of music) from the time of their arrival in the United States, no record of these gatherings exists. However, it is clear that after 1850, Welsh musical activity blossomed as the Welsh-American