JICA Training Measures against Offensive Odors Masamitsu NAKANISHI Office of Odor, Noise and Vibration Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment 1 Introduction • What are offensive odor problems? – Sensory pollution (related to human comfort/discomfort, recognized immediately through one’s sense of smell) – Closely related to people’s lives • Measures against offensive odors that are currently in need – Efforts for problems that exist in urban life or in people’s spheres of activity ( Offensive odor problems arising from large chemical plants or livestock agriculture) – Efforts to improve offensive odor problems + Urban development focused on the “aroma” perspective – A better living environment 2 Number of complaints pertaining to offensive odors （Complaints） 24,587 25,000 23,776 22,500 21,576 23,519 20,092 19,674 21,205 20,000 19,114 18,143 19,657 16,742 18,805 17,500 16,676 18,732 17,750 17,533 15,194 15,499 13,529 16,245 15,000 16,26815,996 13,541 14,997 13,070 14,554 15,937 12,488 11,946 13,439 11,717 14,569 12,500 13,395 12,705 10,753 11,942 12,741 11,932 10,000 11,276 11,666 9,972 10,616 7,500 5,000 2,500 0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (FY） 3 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Complaints 5,000 0 1975 1977 1979 Livestock agriculture Livestock 1981 Number Number ofbycomplaintssource 1983 1985 1987 1989 plant Manufacturing 1991 1993 1995 1997 Serviceindustry 1999 2001 2003 ／ Other 2005 2007 2009 4 2011 ＦＹ Breakdown of complaints about offensive odors, FY2011 Chemical plants Feed and fertilizer 1.5% manufacturing plants 2.0% Other Outdoor incineration Construction work 12.6% 27.3% sites 2.7% Sewage and water 4.2% Number of complaints Food manufacturing about offensive plants odors: 4.3% 14,569 Other manufacturing plants 8.0% Service industry/Other Homes,apartments, 15.4% Livestpck agriculture dormitories 10.6% 11.3% 5 Background to the regulation of offensive odors Formulation of the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control in 1967 “Offensive odor” was stipulated as one of the typical types of pollution, and it was prescribed that appropriate measures should be taken for offensive odor problems. * Other typical types of pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise, vibration, land subsidence However… Prior to the formulation of the Offensive Odor Control Law (June 1971), there had not been any unified regulation based on national law. 6 Passing of the Offensive Odor Control Law 1969 Of the 7 types of typical pollution, the number of complaints/petitions brought to local public bodies about offensive odors ranked 2nd behind noise/vibration Promulgation of the Offensive Odor Control Law, June 1971 (Use of instrumental analysis techniques) Up to 1994, 22 substances had been designated as “specified offensive odor substances” 7 Offensive Odor Control Law Purpose (Article 1 of the Law) • This law is enacted for the purpose of preserving living environment and contributing to protection of the people's health by carrying out necessary regulations and by promoting other countermeasures to control offensive odors generated in the course of business activities at factories or at other places of business. 8 Structure of the Offensive Odor Control Law Regulation Regional designation All factories and places Reports/Inspections Penalties of business Measurement Improvement advice Improvement order Establishment of Penalties standards Specified offensive odor Entrustment substances or odor index Certified environmental measurer Olfactory measurement operator Accident measures Compulsory reporting Promotion of measures Orders for emergency Penalties measures 9 Basic terminology related to the Offensive Odor Control Law • Specified offensive Defined in Article 2 of the Law: One of the 22 substances odor substance prescribed by cabinet order, such as ammonia • Odor index Odor index = 10 x log (odor concentration) • Odor concentration Dilution rate at which the offensive odor can no longer be sensed • Odor intensity Six-point scale indicating the strength of the odor System for representing odor intensity on a 6-point scale Odor Description intensity 0 No odor 1 Odor that can only just be sensed (detection threshold concentration) 2 Slight odor by which the odor can be identified (recognition threshold concentration) 3 Odor that can easily be sensed 1 4 Strong odor 5 Intense odor 10 Specified offensive odor substances (22 substances) – Part 1 Specified offensive Characteristics of the odor Main locations odor substance Ammonia Smells like raw sewage Livestock facilities, rendering plants, sewage treatment plants Methyl mercaptan Smells like rotten onions Pulp mills, chemical plants, sewage treatment plants Hydrogen sulfide Smells like rotten eggs Livestock facilities, pulp mills, sewage treatment plants Methyl sulfide Smells like rotten cabbage Pulp mills, rendering plants, Methyl disulfide sewage treatment plants Trimethylamine Smells like rotten fish Livestock facilities, rendering plants, marine product canneries Acetaldehyde Has an irritating smell of raw Chemical plants, fishmeal vegetation processing plants, tobacco manufacturing plants 11 Specified offensive odor substances (22 substances) – Part 2 Specified offensive Characteristics of the Main locations odor substance odor Propionaldehyde Has an irritating, Workplaces that have a baking-finish n-Butyraldehyde bittersweet burnt smell process Isobutyraldehyde n-Valeraldehyde Has a stifling, bittersweet Isovaleraldehyde burnt smell Isobutanol Has an irritating fermented Workplaces that have a painting smell process Ethyl acetate Has an irritating smell like Workplaces that have a painting Methyl isobutyl ketone thinner process or printing process Toluene Smells like gasoline 12 Specified offensive odor substances (22 substances) – Part 3 Specified Characteristics of the odor Main locations offensive odor substance Styrene Smells like city gas Chemical plants, FRP product manufacturing plants Xylene Smells like gasoline Workplaces that have a painting process or printing process Propionic acid Has an irritating sour smell Fatty acid manufacturing plants, dyeing and weaving factories n-Butyric acid Smells of sweat Livestock facilities, rendering plants, starch factories n-Valeric acid Smells like musty socks Isovaleric acid 13 Regulation areas and regulation standards based on the Offensive Odor Control Law • Regulation areas Designated by prefectures, etc. Densely populated areas where the prevention of offensive odors is deemed necessary in order to preserve the living environment 1,278 municipalities (73.4%) (2011) • Regulation standards Designated by prefectures, etc. Given the natural and social conditions, select either regulation based on the concentration of specified offensive odor substances, or regulation based on the odor index 14 Regulation areas (Article 3 of the Law) • Regulation areas can be designated by a prefectural governor or the head of a ordinance-designated city, core city, specially designated city or special ward As of the end of FY2011 Number of Number of municipalities with municipalities regulation areas Cities 787 737 (93.6%) Wards 23 23 (100.0%) Towns 748 463 (61.9%) Villages 184 55 (29.9%) Total 1,742 1,278 (73.4%) 15 Regulation areas [Classification of regulation areas] In designated areas, Zone A – Zone C classifications have been established, taking into account such factors as specific-use zones under the City Planning Law. Specific-use zones under the Classification Classification indicators City Planning Law Areas where there is particular need to prevent offensive odors Exclusive residential areas Zone A in order to maintain a good residential environment Residential areas Commercial areas Areas that are used for both residential and Zone B Quasi-industrial areas commercial/industrial purposes, and where there is a need to preserve the living environment of local residents. Industrial areas Areas that are primarily used for industrial purposes, and where Zone C Exclusive industrial areas there is a need to prevent the generation of any notably offensive odors in order to avoid damaging the living environment of local residents 16 Example of a designated regulation area Sakaide City Utazu Town 17 Regulation standards (Articles 4 to 7 of the Law) Regulation standard for gas outlets (Type 2 standard) Regulation standard for site boundaries Regulation standard for effluent (Type 1 standard) (Type 3 standard) 18 Regulated specified offensive odor substances Specified offensive odor substance Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Specified offensive odor substance Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Ammonia ○ ○ Isovaleraldehyde ○ ○ Methyl mercaptan ○ ○ Isobutanol ○ ○ Hydrogen sulfide ○ ○ ○ Ethyl acetate ○ ○ Methyl sulfide ○ ○ Methyl isobutyl ketone ○ ○ Methyl disulfide ○ ○ Toluene ○ ○ Trimethylamine ○ ○ Styrene ○ Acetaldehyde ○ Xylene ○ ○ Propionaldehyde ○ ○ Propionic acid ○ n-Butyraldehyde ○ ○ n-Butyric acid ○ Isobutyraldehyde ○ ○ n-Valeric acid ○ n-Valeraldehyde ○ ○ Isovaleric acid ○ 19 Regulation standards for specified offensive odor substances (Type 1 (site boundaries)) (Units: ppm) Specified offensive odor substance Range Specified offensive odor substance Range Ammonia 1 - 5 Isovaleraldehyde 0.003 - 0.01 Methyl mercaptan 0.002 - 0.01 Isobutanol 0.9 - 20 Hydrogen sulfide 0.02 - 0.2 Ethyl acetate 3 - 20 Methyl sulfide 0.01 - 0.2 Methyl isobutyl ketone