A&A 425, 753–762 (2004) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20035684 & c ESO 2004 Astrophysics The effect of tidal locking on the magnetospheric and atmospheric evolution of “Hot Jupiters” J.-M. Grießmeier1, A. Stadelmann2,T.Penz3,4, H. Lammer4,F.Selsis5,I.Ribas6,7, E. F. Guinan8, U. Motschmann1,H.K.Biernat4,3, and W. W. Weiss9 1 Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany e-mail: [email protected] 3 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria e-mail: [email protected] 4 Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 5 Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 6 Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC), c/Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 7 Departament d’ Astronomia i Meteorologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 8 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA e-mail: [email protected] 9 Department for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] Received 14 November 2003 / Accepted 14 June 2004 Abstract. We study the interaction between the planetary magnetosphere and atmosphere of the close-in extrasolar planets HD 209458b and OGLE-TR-56b with the stellar wind during the evolution of their host stars. Recent astrophysical observations of solar-like stars indicate that the radiation and particle environments of young stars are orders of magnitudes larger than for stars with ages comparable to the sun (∼4.6 Gyr). We model the interaction for the present and for early evolutionary stages, showing that it is possible that “Hot Jupiters” have an ionosphere-stellar wind interaction like Venus. Our study suggests that the internal magnetic field of exoplanets orbiting close to their host stars may be very weak due to tidal locking. The magnetic moments can be less than one tenth of the value presently observed for the rapidly rotating planet Jupiter. We find that the stronger stellar wind of younger solar-type stars compresses the magnetosphere to a standoff distance at which the ionized part of the upper atmosphere, hydrodynamically expanded by the XUV-flux, builds an obstacle. Because of a much larger stellar wind particle flux during the first ∼0.5 Gyr after the host stars arrived on the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence, “Hot Jupiters” may have not been protected by their intrinsic magnetic fields, even if one neglects the effect of tidal locking. In such a case, the unshielded upper atmosphere will be affected by different ionization and non-thermal ion loss processes. This contributes to the estimated neutral hydrogen loss rates of about ≥1010 g/s of the observed expanded exosphere of HD 209458b (Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003) and will be an ionized part of the estimated upper energy-limited neutral hydrogen loss rates of about 1012 g/s (Lammer et al. 2003a). Key words. stars: planetary systems – stars: winds, outflows – magnetic fields 1. Introduction respectively. They are known to be gas giants with hydrogen as their main constituent (Burrows et al. 2000; Sasselov 2003). Since 1995, more than 100 Jupiter-class exoplanets were de- These gas giants in an orbit very close to their parent star 1 tected , many of them in close orbits around G and K stars. present a very special class of planets and will be referred to Two of these planets are HD 209458b and OGLE-TR-56b, as “Hot Jupiters” throughout this study. and they orbit their hosts stars at 0.045 AU and 0.0225 AU Besides the strong stellar irradiation, one of the special fea- 1 See e.g. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia on tures of these planets is their low rotation rate. This results from http://www.obspm.fr/encycl/encycl.html tidal locking due to gravitational dissipation: the time scale Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.aanda.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20035684 754 J.-M. Grießmeier et al.: The effect of tidal locking on the magnetospheric and atmospheric evolution of “Hot Jupiters” for synchronous rotation depends on the orbital radius d such of solar-like stars over their life-time. In Sect. 4 results from 6 as τsync = O(d ) (Goldreich & Soter 1966). Thus a planet at Sects. 2 and 3.2 are used to model the interaction of the stel- 0.1 AU will be tidally locked after much shorter time than a lar wind with the magnetosphere. The magnetospheric standoff planet of comparable composition at 1 AU or beyond. The re- distances of HD 209458b and OGLE-TR-56b are calculated for duced rotation rate has severe implications for the planetary the conditions valid for a stellar system of an age comparable to magnetic moment (due to a weaker dynamo-effect), resulting the solar system (4.6 Gyr) and also for a younger stellar system in comparatively weak magnetic fields and small magneto- (0.5 Gyr). Finally, in Sect. 5 we use the results of Sect. 4 to cal- spheres. For the calculation of the magnetic moment, a new culate the expansion of the upper atmospheres and also discuss and more realistic approach for the determination of the size of the atmospheric protection by intrinsic magnetic fields, ion ero- the dynamo-region is given. These calculations indicate even sion and the implications for the evolution of “Hot Jupiters”. smaller magnetic moments than the usual estimates. The small size of the magnetosphere will in turn contribute to enhanced 2. Effect of tidal locking on planetary magnetic particle loss. moments Recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the upper atmosphere expanding out to about three planetary radii To properly estimate the size of the magnetosphere (Sect. 4) as well as neutral hydrogen escape rates larger than about and the effects of atmospheric expansion and stellar wind atmo- 1010 g/s have been found for HD 209458b (Vidal-Madjar et al. sphere interaction in Sect. 5, it is necessary to know the basic 2003, 2004). This indicates that XUV-driven hydrodynamic properties of the planet. The planetary mass and radius can be conditions are relevant for “Hot Jupiters”. Guillot et al. (1996) obtained directly from observational data. Another fundamen- roughly estimated the total (ion and neutral gas) loss for hydro- tal property of the planet that is needed in this context is the gen. The obtained value of about 1010 g/s is compatible with the value of the planetary magnetic dipole moment. Recently, the lower limit of the observed values. We, however, suggest that chromospheric activity of the planet-hosting star HD 179949 it is hydrodynamical expansion rather than these nonthermal was suggested as a first tentative proof for the existence of ex- loss processes which are responsible for the observed expan- omagnetospheres (Shkolnik et al. 2003). However, at this time sion of the upper atmosphere. In recent studies of close-in gi- no further information on the strengths of exosolar planetary ant exoplanets, the radiative effective temperature (which is not magnetic fields can be obtained. physically relevant for atmospheric escape processes or atmo- Fortunately, there are several analytical models that permit spheric expansion) was used to estimate atmospheric thermal an estimation of the planetary magnetic dipole moment parallel loss rates (Konacki et al. 2003; Sasselov 2003). Rather than to the rotation axis. These models yield the following scaling the equilibrium temperature, it is the exospheric temperature laws: which is decisive for these processes. Therefore, these studies / M∝ ρ1 2ωr4 (Busse 1976) (1) lead to significant underestimations of thermal loss rates and to c c M∝ ρ1/2ω1/2 3σ−1/2 conclusions of long-term atmospheric stability. c rc (Stevenson 1983, dissipative case)(2) 1/2 3/4 7/2 −1/4 In a recent study Lammer et al. (2003a) estimated the exo- M∝ ρc ω rc σ (Mizutani et al. 1992) (3) spheric temperature of “Hot Jupiters” by assuming that they M∝ ρ1/2ω1/2 3σ−1/2 c rc (Mizutani et al. 1992) (4) have hydrogen rich upper atmospheres which are heated by / / M∝ ρ1 2ωr7 2 (Sano 1993) (5) the absorption of X-rays and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radia- c c tion (Bauer 1971; Gross 1972; Watson et al. 1981). Lammer where M is the planetary magnetic dipole moment, rc the ra- et al. (2003a) found that exospheric temperatures of the order dius of the dynamo-region (frequently also called the “core of 104 K may develop at orbital distances <0.2 AU. In this radius”) and ω the velocity of rotation of the planet around case the Jeans approach fails and XUV-driven hydrodynamic its axis. In the dynamo region the mass density is ρc and atmospheric expansion as well as energy or diffusion limited the conductivity is σ. At least two further scaling laws ex- escape must be considered. Because of high XUV-driven loss ist, but they are of no relevance in this context: the first scal- rates and atmospheric expansion, the temperature can decrease ing (“Blackett’s law”) originally proposed by Blackett (1947) to values comparable to the effective temperature once the up- was based on a hypothesis that was later disproved experimen- per atmosphere reaches hydrodynamic conditions.