AGY 303 FUNDAMENTALS OF HORTICULTURE Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com INTRODUCTION: • Horticulture is derived from two Latin words: Hortus and Colere. • It deals with the production and utilization of garden crops. • Horticulture is divided into four branches; • Floriculture: the science of production and utilization of ornamental plants. • Olericulture: the science of production and utilization of vegetable crops • Pomology: the science of production and utilization of fruit crops • Landscape horticulture: beautification and protection of the environment. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Pomology is a branch of horticulture which deals with study of various aspects of fruits cultivation, raising of saplings, growing them properly and providing various intercultural operations. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com • The term pomology is a combination of two Latin words „Pome‟ means ‗Fruits‟ and ‗Logos‘ means ‗study‟. • Basic Pomology: Study of basic aspects of fruit production like training, water management, use of PGR‘s. • Commercial Pomology: It is concerned with commercial production of fruits. • Systematic Pomology: It may be concerned with classification and nomenclature like kingdom, order, class, genus and species. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Classification of fruit crops: Classification of fruits based on climate adaptability; • i. Temperate fruits: • They are grown only in place where the weather is distinctly cold, • These fruit plants are generally deciduous and can withstand frost. • E.g. Apple, almond, peach, plum, strawberry, apricot, persimmon, cherymoya, peanut, hassle nut, cherry, pistachios and kiwifruits etc. • ii. Tropical fruits: • Tropical fruit plants are generally evergreen and are extremely sensitive to cold. • They do well under lesser fluctuations of diurnal temperature, light and dark periods they require a moist warm climate but are capable of withstanding dry weather in some cases Eg; mango, banana, papaya, etc., • iii. Sub-tropical fruits: • The fruit crops grown under a climatic condition between temperate and the tropical are known as subtropical fruit crops. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com • They may be either deciduous or evergreen and are usually able to withstand a low temperature but not the frost. • They are also quite adaptive to fluctuations of light and dark period during day and night. e.g; grape, citrus etc., Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Based on rate of respiration: Climacteric Fruits; Mango, Banana, Guava, Papaya, Apple, Pear, Non-climacteric Fruits; Citrus, Grape, Pineapple, Cashew, Cucumber, Strawberry. (Climacteric fruits produce much larger amount of ethylene than non climacteric fruits) Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Based on photoperiodic responses : • Long day Short day Banana, Apple Strawberry, Pineapple, Coffee • Day neutral plant Papaya, Guava Based on relative salt tolerance : • Highly tolerant: Guava, Coconut • Medium tolerant: Cashew, • Highly sensitive: Mango, Apple, Citrus, Pear, Strawberry Based on relative acid tolerance • Highly tolerant :Strawberry, • Medium tolerant :Pineapple, • Highly sensitive ---------- Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Based on longevity: • a) Very Long longevity - >100yrs- Coconut, • b) Long longevity - 50-100yrs - Mango • c) Medium - 10-50yrs - Guava • d) Short - Pineapple, Banana Based on consumers preference or weight of fruits • a) Very light - 50-100g Grape, Banana • b) Light - 100-150g Pomegranate • c) Light medium - 150-300g Mango • d) Medium - 300-350g Avocado • e) Medium to heavy - 800-1000g Mango • f) Heavy - 1-5kg Pineapple • g) Very heavy - >5kg Jack Fruit Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FRUITS: • High productivity: high yield per unit area: From a unit area of land more yield is realized from fruit crops than any of the agricultural crops. The average yields of Papaya, Banana and Grapes are 10 to 15 times more than that of agricultural crops. • High net profit: • Source of raw material for agro based industries: Fruit farming provides raw materials for various agro based industries- canning and preservation (fresh fruits), coir industries (coconut husk), pharmaceutical industry (Papaya) Transporting and packaging industries etc. • Efficient utilization of resources: Growing of fruits being perennial in nature, enables grower to remain engaged throughout the year in farm operations and to utilize fully the resources & assets like machinery, labour, land water for production purpose throughout the year compared to agronomic crops. • Utilization of waste and barren lands for production: Although, most of the fruits crops require perennial irrigation and good soil for production, there are many fruit crops of hardy in nature, which are grown on poor shallow, undulated soils considered unsuitable for growing grain/ agronomical crops. • Foreign exchange: Many fresh fruits, processed products and spices are exported to Never Miss an Update from several countries earning good amountBAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com of foreign exchange. Importance of fruits in human diet is well recognized: Fruits- as sources of vitamins: • Vitamin-A- Mango, Papaya, Banana. • Vitamin-B- Cashew nut, Banana, Apple, Papaya. • Vitamin-C- Citrus fruits, Pineapple, Guava, Strawberry, etc.. Fruits as a source of minerals such as Ca, Fe, P- the fruits are- Cashew, Guava, and Mango. • Digestive enzymes- Papaya- papaine-9, proteolytic enzyme. Fruits have medicinal value: • Papaya reduces night blindness, • Citrus juice reduces acute diarrhoea. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Other importance: . Fruit growing in kitchen gardens helps to reduce family budget on purchase of fruits. Planting of fruits trees, maintains ecological balance and to increase precipitation of the locality. Fruit tree farming also reduces soil erosion. Generate employment being highly intensive & skillful enterprise generates employment even for trained persons. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com POMOLOGY (FOCUS: DESSERT FRUIT) What is fruit? Fruit is simply Fruits as foods the ripened limits its usage ovary of a to; (sweet and flowering plant fleshy) which contains seeds. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com DESSERT/DESSERT FRUIT: A dessert is a sweet food served as a part of a main meal or after Examples include the main meal. Mango, Banana, Dessert fruit is a sweet Pawpaw, Guava fruit served and eaten Pineapple, Apple etc.. with or after a main meal. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com TYPES OF FRUITS: Indigenous fruits are those which are native to Africa, where they have originated and evolved over centuries. Most indigenous fruit trees generally grow wild. Exotic fruits, are imported from other continents, although they may now be quite commonly grown in many areas such as Citrus and Mango. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Factors affecting cultivation of dessert fruits: •Altitude, •Wind, •Rainfall, Ecological requirements •Temperature, •Photoperiod •Soil characteristics Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com Pawpaw (Carica papaya L) • Papaya has long been known as ‘wonder fruit of the tropics’ . • It is one of the five major fruit crops of tropical world. • Papaya fruits throughout the year and a remunerative fruit crop which is • grown in almost every part of the country. • It gives maximum yield per unit and income next to banana. • It is also planted as a filler plant in a fruit orchard. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com COMPOSITION AND USES: • Papaya is a very delicious, wholesome, refreshing fruit with a unique food value. • The ripe fruits are used for desert purpose, preparation of jam, jelly, soft drinks, ice cream, flavoring, crystallized fruits, canned in syrup, fruits salad. • The unripe fruits are consumed as vegetables also as a contraceptive. • The seeds also have medicinal properties. • The milky latex which is obtained from immature fruits is known as papain, which is a proteolytic enzyme used in several ways. • As a digestive aid and for the treatment of ulcer & diphtheria. • In the industry of pre-shrinking of wool and degumming of natural silk and rayon. • Tenderization of meat and it is used for tanning of leathers. • Used in preparation of drugs for treating intestinal cancer, tape worms, round worms and kidney disorders. • The carpaine alkaloid present in green parts and in seeds used as heart stimulant, as diuretic and for treatment of amoebic dysentery. • Preparation of chewing gum, cosmetics, papers and adhesive materials. • It can also be used for extraction of oilNever from Miss an liverUpdate from of Tuno fish. BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com • Papaya is very nutritious, it contains high quantities of vitamin A and ranks second to mango in the content of vitamin-A (carotene), • the vitamin A is associated with carotene but the yellow pigment of papaya is caricaxanthene. • It also contains Vit. C, riboflavin, niacin, good source of Ca, P, Fe, fat and carbohydrates. Never Miss an Update from BAGIT!...www.bagitds.wordpress.com ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION: • India is the second largest producer of papaya in the world after Brazil. • It is a fruit native to tropical America and • Commercially grown