COMPOSITE WATER MANAGEMENT INDEX NITI Aayog August 2019 In association with Ministry of Jal Shakti and Ministry of Rural Development Preface i ii Foreword iii iv CONTENTS Key abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ vii List of tables ................................................................................................................................................. ix List of figures ................................................................................................................................................. x Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Section I Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................... 5 State success stories ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Water risks & related implications ............................................................................................................. 13 Section II Background to the CWMI ............................................................................................................................ 27 Objectives and scope of the Index .............................................................................................................. 33 Scope and structure of the Index ................................................................................................................ 33 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Key findings ................................................................................................................................................. 57 Thematic and indicator analysis ................................................................................................................. 65 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 185 India’s water situation: At glance ............................................................................................................. 187 Annexure: State profiles .......................................................................................................................... 191 v Disclaimer: NITI Aayog does not claim copyright ownership of any of the images used in this report. The images used have been sourced from government websites, and open-access platforms with copyright- free images. vi KEY ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Expanded version ADB Asian Development Bank APA American Planners Association AUD Australian Dollar BCM Billion Cubic Meters CAD&WM Command Area Development and Water Management CAG Comptroller and Auditor General of India CCD Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination Society CGWB Central Ground Water Board CSE Centre for Science and Environment CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CWC Central Water Commission CWMI Composite Water Management Index DDUGJY Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems EPW Economic and Political Weekly ESG Environmental, Social and Governance FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FSTP Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant FY Financial Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GO Government Order GOI Government of India GW Groundwater HH Household ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IEC Information, Education, and Communication IHME Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation INR Indian Rupee IPC Irrigation Potential Created IPU Irrigation Potential Utilized ISF Irrigation Service Fee ISRO Indian Space Research Organization IVA Independent Validating Agency IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Programme JMP Joint Monitoring Programme JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission KERC Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission KJJY Krishak Jivan Jyoti Yojana KPI Key Performance Indicator MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation MIS Management Information System vii MLD Million Litres per Day MMI Major and Medium Irrigation MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MoWR Ministry of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise MSP Minimum Support Price NARP National Agricultural Research Project NBSS & LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning NCRB National Crime Records Bureau NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIMF National Irrigation Management Fund NJY Niranthara Jyothi Yojane NMC Nagpur Municipal Corporation NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development O&M Operation and Maintenance PHFI Public Health Foundation of India PIB Press Information Bureau PIM Participatory Irrigation Management PLOS Public Library of Science PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana PPP Public-Private Partnership RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana RS Remote Sensing SC Scheduled Caste SME Small and Medium Enterprise ST Scheduled Tribe TMC Trillion Meter Cubic UDPFI Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994 UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar UT Union Territory WALMI Water and Land Management Institute WHO World Health Organization WRG Water Resources Group WRI World Resources Institute WUA Water User Association WUE Water Use Efficiency WWF World Wildlife Fund viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Indicator themes and weights ....................................................................................................................... 33 Table 2: List of indicators for the CWMI ...................................................................................................................... 33 Table 3: Classification of states into non-Himalayan, North-Eastern and Himalayan, and UTs .................................. 36 Table 4: Review methodology for indicators ............................................................................................................... 40 Table 5: Data gaps for indicators ................................................................................................................................. 48 Table 6: Indicator themes and weights ....................................................................................................................... 65 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Baseline water stress in India ................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 2: Demand and supply of water in India (forecast) ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 3: Water policy timeline in India (not exhaustive) ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 4: Categorization of states (including data availability) ................................................................................................................................ 37 Figure 5: Change in state-level performance over time—non-Himalayan states and North-Eastern and Himalayan states ................................... 57 Figure 6: Evolution of state rankings over time for non-Himalayan states, North-Eastern and Himalayan states, and UTs .................................... 58 Figure 7: Evolution of theme average scores over the years ................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 8: State-level performance on water resource management ....................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 9: High, medium, and low-performing states on water resource management ........................................................................................... 62 Figure 10: Performance of States and UTs on Theme 1 – Source augmentation and restoration of water bodies ................................................. 66 Figure 11: Indicator 1: Area irrigated by water bodies restored during the given FY as compared to the irrigation potential area of total number of water bodies identified for restoration .................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 12: Performance of States and UTs on Theme 2 – Source augmentation (Groundwater) ............................................................................ 74 Figure 13: Indicator 2: Percentage of over-exploited and critical assessment units that have experienced a rise in water table to total