Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in A History and Development in Mobile Communication Suraj Indiver M.Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Sachdeva Institute of Technology, Mathura, India. Dr. A.P.J. AKTU, Lucknow, India Abstract: Mobile communication is the transfer of 2MBPS. 3G is good option for users who wanted to information over a distance without the use of stay connected to the internet. enhanced electrical conductors or "wires”. The 4G is the fourth generation of mobile network which distances involved may be short (a few meters as in is the television remote control) or long (thousands or successor of 3G; the approaching 4G (fourth millions of kilometers for radio communications). generation) mobile communication systems are When the context is clear, the term is often shortened projected to solve still- remaining problems of 3G to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed, (third generation) systems and to provide a wide mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular variety of new services, from high-quality voice to telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless wireless networking. channels. In this paper we will throw light on the evolution and development of various generations of mobile technology along with their significance and advantages of one over the other. In the past few decades, mobile technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to 4G. Current research in mobile wireless technology concentrates on advance implementation of 4G technology and 5G technology. Currently 5G term is not officially used. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World. Figure.1 Developments in mobile technology Keywords: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G II. History I. INTRODUCTION The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth generation are G in 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G stands for the “Generation” discussed in this section. of the mobile network. 1G was the first generation of mobile networks. Here basically radio signals were Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone transmitted in analogue form, one was not able to do technologies. This process began with the designs in more than sending text messaging and making calls the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The and the network was available only within the earliest systems were implemented based on analog country. technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were 2G were based on narrow band of digital networks, solved by these early systems. Numerous where signals transmitted in the digital format and incompatible analog systems were placed in service this dramatically improved the quality of calls and around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second also reduced the complexity of data transmission. generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on 3G has become popular largely thanks to the ability digital technology, including digital signal processing of users to access the Internet over devices like techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit- mobiles and tablets. The speed of data transmission switched data communication services at a low speed. on a 3G network ranges between 384KBPS to Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 423 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Table. 1 History of mobile technology Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G wireless networks used analog radio signals. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between radio towers. This is done using a technique called Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA). In terms of overall connection quality, 1G compares unfavorably to its successors. It has low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties. However, 1G did maintain a few advantages over 2G. In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be strong enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poorer quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived Figure.1 Shows the comparison of longer distances. This is due to the analog signal generation having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions The 3G system would have higher quality voice worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G 2 Mbps. The last decade saw introduction of two handset would fail completely. mobile standards for 3G. In addition, when China was Different 1G standard were used in various countries. on the verge of implementing a third 3G systems. An One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the Phone System) used in the United States, TACS 2G RF (Radio Frequency) channels and to introduce (Total Access Communications System) in the United higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A Kingdom, C-Netz in West Germany, Radiocom 2000 very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data in France, and RTMI in Italy. channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices IV. SECOND GENERATION or laptop. However, the demand for higher access TECHNOLOGY (2G - 2.75G) speed multimedia communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the telephone technology. It cannot normally transfer historical indication of a generation revolution data, such as email or software, other than the digital occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the voice call itself, and other basic ancillary data such as right time to begin the research and applied the 4G time and date. Nevertheless, SMS messaging is also mobile communication system. available as a form of data transmission for some standards. Second generation 2G cellular telecom III. FIRST GENERATION TECHNOLOGY networks were commercially launched on the GSM (1G) standard in Finland by Radio linja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. GSM service is used by over 2 billion 1G stands for "first generation," refers to the first people across more than 212 countries and territories. generation of wireless telecommunication The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes technology, more popularly known as cellphones. A international roaming very common between mobile set of wireless standards developed in the 1980's, 1G phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their technology replaced 0G technology, which featured phones in many parts of the world. mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile 2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Multiple Access (TDMA) based and Code Division Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT). Multiple Access (CDMA) based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. 2G makes use of a Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 424 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in CODEC (Compression- Decompression Algorithm) to compress and multiplex digital voice data. Through EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It this technology, a 2G network can pack more calls allows the clear and fast transmission of data and per amount of bandwidth as a 1G network. 2G information. It is also termed as IMT-SC or single cellphone units were generally smaller than 1G unit, carrier. EDGE technology was invented and since they emitted less radio power. introduced by Cingular, which is now known as AT& T. EDGE is radio technology and is a part of third Some benefits of 2G were Digital signals require generation technologies. EDGE technology is consume less battery power, so it helps mobile preferred over GSM due to its flexibility to carry batteries to last long. Digital coding improves the packet switch data and circuit switch data. voice clarity and reduces noise in the line. Digital signals are considered environment friendly. The use The use of EDGE technology has augmented the use of digital data service assists mobile network of black berry, N97 and N95 mobile phones. EDGE operators to introduce short message service over the transfers data in fewer seconds if we compare it with cellular phones. Digital encryption has provided GPRS Technology. For example a typical text file of secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use 40KB is transferred in only 2 seconds as compared to of 2G technology requires strong digital signals to the transfer from GPRS technology, which is 6 help mobile phones work. If there is no network seconds. The biggest advantage of using EDGE coverage in any specific area, digital signals would be technology is one does not need to install any weak. additional hardware and software in order to make use of EDGE Technology.