View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES Masterarbeit Titel der Masterarbeit “State-Building and the Creation of Political Institutions in Kosova / Kosovo” Verfasser Bernhard Filla, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, Juni 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 824 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Masterstudium Politikwissenschaft Betreuer: Dr.Fritz Windhager 2 3 CONTENT 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 7 2. Field of Enquiry ................................................................................................. 11 3. Hypotheses ....................................................................................................... 11 4. Methodology and Content ................................................................................. 12 5. Nation/State-Building and Post-Conflict Stabilization ........................................ 13 5.1. Definition and clarification....................................................................... 16 5.2. State Failure ........................................................................................... 21 5.3. State-Building according to Fukuyama ................................................... 24 5.4. Conclusion.............................................................................................. 30 6. Kosova: Background and Facts......................................................................... 31 7. Historical Development...................................................................................... 33 7.1. Ottoman Rule and the Battle of Kosovo Polje 1389................................ 33 7.2. Early 20th Century and World War II ...................................................... 38 7.3. Autonomy: Kosova under Tito, First Signs of Trouble............................. 39 7.4. Kosova during the Milosevic-Era ............................................................ 43 8. The Republic of Kosova................................................................................. 44 9. The war of UCK................................................................................................. 47 10. the Rambouillet Conference and International Intervention ........................... 51 11. The Provisional Government of Kosova......................................................... 53 12. 1999 - UNMIK and the International Mandate................................................ 54 12.1. Conclusion.............................................................................................. 58 13. The Joint Interim Administrative Structure ..................................................... 60 13.1. Conclusion.............................................................................................. 67 14. The Constitutional Framework and Provisional Institutions for Self Government..................................................................... 69 14.1. Conclusion.............................................................................................. 74 15. The Main Political Parties and Organizations ................................................ 76 15.1. Democratic League of Kosova (LDK) ..................................................... 76 15.2. Democratic Party of Kosova (PDK)......................................................... 81 15.3. Alliance for the Future of Kosova (AAK) ................................................. 83 15.4. Ethnic Minorities, Kosovo-Serbs............................................................. 86 15.5. Conclusion.............................................................................................. 88 16. Elections and Their Influence......................................................................... 90 4 16.1. Municipal Elections 2000 ........................................................................ 91 16.2. Assembly Elections 2001........................................................................ 93 16.3. Municipal Elections 2002 ........................................................................ 96 16.4. Assembly Elections 2004........................................................................ 97 16.5. General Elections 2007 .......................................................................... 99 16.6. Conclusion.............................................................................................102 17. UNOSEK and the Status Issue .....................................................................103 17.1. “Standards before Status”......................................................................103 17.2. The Eide-Report ....................................................................................106 17.3. The UNOSEK-led Negotiations..............................................................108 17.4. The UNOSEK-Proposal .........................................................................110 17.5. Declaration of Independence.................................................................113 18. Final Conclusions..........................................................................................114 Abbreviations...........................................................................................................120 Map of Kosovo / Kosova..........................................................................................121 Bibliography.............................................................................................................122 Abstract in deutscher Sprache.................................................................................126 Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................................127 5 Für Margareta und Georg 6 7 1. Introduction For almost ten years, the status of Kosovo (or in Albanian: Kosova) has been one of the main issues concerning South Eastern Europe, and even after the declaration of independence on 17 February 2008 this topic remains controversial. The status issue, which was decided without United Nations consent, still has potential implications for the whole region. It does not only affect Kosovo, but is also of significant importance for Serbia, for Kosovo’s neighbouring countries with an ethnic Albanian population, for Bosnia and Herzegovina and –of course- for the international community, which is still entrusted with mentoring Kosovo. Especially the European Union, which has decided to play a substantial role based on the so-called Ahtisaari- Plan, is significantly involved and has a vital interest in Kosova becoming a functional state. As of June 2009, about 60 countries, among them 22 out of 27 of EU member states, have recognized the “Republic of Kosova” 1. Austria did so on 28 February 2008. In this study, the expressions Kosovo / Kosova / Kosovo and Metohija are used synonymously. Since the majority of the population speaks Albanian and uses the expression Kosova, it will be used especially when the context involves the ethnic Albanian population or viewpoint. Kosovo and Metohija (or abbreviated KosMet) is the official expression for the Serbian province, while internationally the territory is mostly only referred to as Kosovo2. After the legally disputed military intervention by NATO in 1999, Kosova was put under international administration and de facto politically separated from the rest of the country that was at the time called Yugoslavia3. Without a clear definition about the future status for this territory, the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK4) took over responsibility for the Serbian province. UN Security Council 1 A detailed list can be found at the website of Kosovo´s Ministry of Foreign Affairs; www.ks- gov.net/MPJ 2 Tim Judah addresses the name issue in the author’s notes to his book “Kosovo: War and Revenge” 3 In February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) changed her name to Serbia and Montenegro. After Montenegro held a referendum and left the Union with Serbia in June 2006, only Serbia remained. Serbia is legal successor to the FRY. 4 Chesterman gives an insight into the Abbreviation: “A measure of the speed with which the UN operation in Kosovo was established is the name itself. UN operations typically operate with an acronym, but “UNIAMIK” was dismissed as too much of a mouthful. “UNIAK” sounded like a cross 8 Resolution 1244 (1999) defined that Kosovo nominally remained to be a part of Yugoslavia, but that it was to be led towards “substantial autonomy and self government” 5. Therefore, 1999 was a starting point for the international community in trying to establish a functioning democratic political system as well as administrative structures practically out of nothing. Kosovo had been an autonomous province of Serbia in the past, so there was some experience with administration and political procedures, but the Milosevic-era and the war had seriously disrupted the remnants of this experience. When the international administration was established in 1999, there were two competing Kosovo-Albanian governments and a dysfunctional Serbian administration, and UNMIK was tasked to bring order into this political chaos6. About nine years after the end of the war, when the declaration of independence came into effect, Kosova had numerous political institutions that in some way resembled those of an already independent country. There was an assembly