String Complexity Wojciech Szpankowski Purdue University W. Lafayette, IN 47907 June 1, 2015 Dedicated to Svante Janson for his 60 Birthday Outline 1. Working with Svante 2. String Complexity 3. Joint String Complexity Joint Papers 1. S. Janson and W. Szpankowski, Analysis of an asymmetric leader election algorithm Electronic J. of Combinatorics, 4, R17, 1997. 2. S. Janson, S. Lonardi, and W. Szpankowski, On Average Sequence Complexity, Theoretical Computer Science, 326, 213–227, 2004 (also Combinatorial Pattern Matching Conference, CPM’04, Istanbul, 2004). 3. S. Janson and W. Szpankowski, Partial Fillup and Search Time in LC Tries ACM Trans. on Algorithms, 3, 44:1-44:14, 2007 (also, ANALCO, Miami, 2006). 4. A. Magner, S. Janson, G. Kollias, and W. Szpankowski On Symmetry of Uniform and Preferential Attachment Graphs, Electronic J. Combinatorics, 21, P3.32, 2014 (also, 25th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms AofA’14, Paris, 2014). Joint Papers 1. S. Janson and W. Szpankowski, Analysis of an asymmetric leader election algorithm Electronic J. of Combinatorics, 4, R17, 1997. 2. S. Janson, S. Lonardi, and W. Szpankowski, On Average Sequence Complexity, Theoretical Computer Science, 326, 213–227, 2004 (also Combinatorial Pattern Matching Conference, CPM’04, Istanbul, 2004). 3. S. Janson and W. Szpankowski, Partial Fillup and Search Time in LC Tries ACM Trans. on Algorithms, 3, 44:1-44:14, 2007 (also, ANALCO, Miami, 2006). 4. A. Magner, S. Janson, G. Kollias, and W. Szpankowski On Symmetry of Uniform and Preferential Attachment Graphs, Electronic J. Combinatorics, 21, P3.32, 2014 (also, 25th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms AofA’14, Paris, 2014). Working with Svante is easy .... Outline 1. Working with Svante 2. String Complexity 3. Joint String Complexity Some Definitions String Complexity of a single sequence is the number of distinct substrings. Throughout, we write X for the string and denote by I(X) the set of distinct substrings of X over alphabet . A Example. If X = aabaa, then I(X) = ǫ, a, b, aa, ab, ba, aab, aba, baa, aaba, abaa, aabaa , { } and I(X) = 12. But if X = aaaaa, then | | I(X) = ǫ, a, aa, aaa, aaaa, aaaaa , { } and I(X) = 6. | | The string complexity is the cardinality of I(X) and we study here the average string complexity. E[ I(X) ] = P (X) I(X) . | | | | X n X∈A Suffix Trees and String Complexity a b a a b a b a $ 1 $ $ 8 6 b a $ 4 a b a b a $ 3 b a a b a b a $ 2 b a $ 5 $ 7 $ 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b a a b a b a $ Non-compact suffix trie for X = abaababa and string complexity I(X) = 24. a b a ababa$ a ba ababa$ 1 1 $ $ $ $ 8 6 8 6 ba$ ba$ 4 4 ababa$ ababa$ 3 3 b a ababa$ ba ababa$ 2 2 ba$ ba$ 5 5 $ $ 7 7 $ $ 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b a a b a b a $ a b a a b a b a $ String Complexity = # internal nodes in a non-compact suffix tree. Some Simple Facts Let O(w) denote the number of times that the word w occurs in X. Then I(X) = min 1, O(w) . | | { } w X∈A∗ Since between any two positions in X there is one and only one substring: ( X + 1) X O(w) = | | | |. 2 w X∈A∗ Hence ( X + 1) X I(X) = | | | | max 0, O(w) 1 . | | 2 − { − } w X∈A∗ Define: C := E[ I(X) X = n]. Then n | | | | | (n + 1)n Cn = (k 1)P (On(w) = k). 2 − − w k 2 X∈A∗ X≥ We need to study probabilistically On(w): that is: number of w occurrences in a text X generated a probabilistic source. New Book on Pattern Matching Szpankowski Jacquet How do you distinguish a cat from a dog by their DNA? Did Shakespeare really write all of his plays? Philippe Jacquet and and and Wojciech Szpankowski Pattern matching techniques can offer answers to these questions and to many others, from molecular biology, to telecommunications, to classifying Twitter content. This book for researchers and graduate students demonstrates the probabilistic approach to pattern matching, which predicts the performance Matching Pattern Analytic of pattern matching algorithms with very high precision using analytic Analytic combinatorics and analytic information theory. Part I compiles known results of pattern matching problems via analytic methods. Part II focuses on applications to various data structures on words, such as digital trees, suffix trees, string complexity and string-based data compression. The authors use results and techniques from Part I and also introduce new methodology such Pattern as the Mellin transform and analytic depoissonization. More than 100 end-of-chapter problems help the reader to make the link between theory and practice. Matching Philippe Jacquet is a research director at INRIA, a major public research lab in Computer Science in France. He has been a major contributor to the From DNA to Twitter Internet OLSR protocol for mobile networks. His research interests involve information theory, probability theory, quantum telecommunication, protocol design, performance evaluation and optimization, and the analysis of algorithms. Since 2012 he has been with Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs as head of the department of Mathematics of Dynamic Networks and Information. Jacquet is a member of the prestigious French Corps des Mines, known for excellence in French industry, with the rank of “Ingenieur General”. He is also a member of ACM and IEEE. Wojciech Szpankowski is Saul Rosen Professor of Computer Science and (by 9780521876087: Jacquet &Szpankowski:9780521876087: PPC: courtesy) Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University, where he teaches and conducts research in analysis of algorithms, information theory, bioinformatics, analytic combinatorics, random structures, and stability problems of distributed systems. In 2008 he launched the interdisciplinary Institute for Science of Information, and in 2010 he became the Director of the newly established NSF Science and Technology Center for Science of Information. Szpankowski is a Fellow of IEEE and an Erskine Fellow. He received the Humboldt Research Award in 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-87608-7 C M Cover design: Andrew Ward Y K 9 780521 87608 7 > Book Contents Chapter 1: Probabilistic Models Chapter 2: Exact String Matching Chapter 3: Constrained Exact String Matching Chapter 4: Generalized String Matching Chapter 5: Subsequence String Matching Chapter 6: Algorithms and Data Structures Chapter 7: Digital Trees Chapter 8: Suffix Trees & Lempel-Ziv’77 Chapter 9: Lempel-Ziv’78 Compression Algorithm Chapter 10: String Complexity Some Results Last expression allows us to write (n + 1)n Cn = + E[Sn] E[Ln] 2 − where E[Sn] and E[Ln] are, respectively, the average size and path length in the associated (compact) suffix trees. We know that 1 E[Sn] = (n + Ψ(log n)) + o(n), h n log n E[Ln] = + nΨ2(log n)+ o(n), h where Ψ(log n) and Ψ2(log n) are periodic functions (when the log pa, a are rationally related), and where h is the entropy rate. Therefore, ∈ A (n + 1)n n Cn = (log n 1+ Q0(log n)+ o(1)) 2 − h − where Q0(x) is a periodic function. Theorem from 2004 Proved with Bare-Hands In 2004 Svante, Stefano and I published the first result of this kind for a symmetric memoryless source (all symbol probabilities are the same). Theorem 1 (Janson, Lonardi, W.S., 2004). Let Cn be the string complexity for an unbiased memoryless source over alphabet . Then A n + 1 1 1 γ E(Cn) = n log n+ + − + ϕ (log n) n+O( n log n) 2 − |A| 2 ln |A| |A| |A| p where γ 0.577 is Euler’s constant and ≈ 1 2πij ϕ (x) = Γ 1 e2πijx |A| −ln − − ln j=0 |A| X |A| is a continuous function with period 1. ϕ (x) is very small for small : 7 5 | |A| | 4 |A| ϕ (x) < 2 10− , ϕ (x) < 5 10− , ϕ (x) < 3 10− . | 2 | · | 3 | · | 4 | · Outline 1. Working with Svante 2. String Complexity 3. Joint String Complexity Joint String Complexity For X and Y , let J(X,Y ) be the set of common words between X and Y . The joint string complexity is J(X,Y ) = I(X) I(Y ) | | | ∩ | Example. If X = aabaa and Y = abbba, then J(X,Y ) = ε, a, b, ab, ba . { } Goal. Estimate J = E[ J(X,Y ) ] n,m | | when X = n and Y = m. | | | | Joint String Complexity For X and Y , let J(X,Y ) be the set of common words between X and Y . The joint string complexity is J(X,Y ) = I(X) I(Y ) | | | ∩ | Example. If X = aabaa and Y = abbba, then J(X,Y ) = ε, a, b, ab, ba . { } Goal. Estimate J = E[ J(X,Y ) ] n,m | | when X = n and Y = m. | | | | Some Observations. For any word w ∗ ∈ A J(X,Y ) = min 1, O (w) min 1, O (w) . | | { X }· { Y } w X∈A∗ When X = n and Y = m, we have | | | | J = E[ J(X,Y ) ] 1 = P (O1 (w) 1)P (O2 (w) 1) n,m | | − n ≥ m ≥ w ε ∈AX∗−{ } i where On(w) is the number of w-occurrences in a string of generated by source i = 1, 2 (i.e., X and Y ) which we assume to be memoryless sources. Independent Joint String Complexity Consider two sets of n independently generated (memoryless) strings. i Let Ωn(w) be the number of strings for which w is a prefix when the n strings are generated by a source i = 1, 2 define C = P (Ω1 (w) 1)P (Ω2 (w) 1) n,m n ≥ m ≥ w ε ∈AX∗−{ } Theorem 2.