geosciences Review A Review of the Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) from European Eocene Ambers Andrei A. Legalov 1,2 1 Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Street 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected]; Tel.: +7-9139471413 2 Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Lenina Prospekt 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia Received: 16 October 2019; Accepted: 23 December 2019; Published: 30 December 2019 Abstract: All 142 known species of Curculionoidea in Eocene amber are documented, including one species of Nemonychidae, 16 species of Anthribidae, six species of Belidae, 10 species of Rhynchitidae, 13 species of Brentidae, 70 species of Curcuionidae, two species of Platypodidae, and 24 species of Scolytidae. Oise amber has eight species, Baltic amber has 118 species, and Rovno amber has 16 species. Nine new genera and 18 new species are described from Baltic amber. Four new synonyms are noted: Palaeometrioxena Legalov, 2012, syn. nov. is synonymous with Archimetrioxena Voss, 1953; Paleopissodes weigangae Ulke, 1947, syn. nov. is synonymous with Electrotribus theryi Hustache, 1942; Electrotribus erectosquamata Rheinheimer, 2007, syn. nov. is synonymous with Succinostyphlus mroczkowskii Kuska, 1996; Protonaupactus Zherikhin, 1971, syn. nov. is synonymous with Paonaupactus Voss, 1953. Keys for Eocene amber Curculionoidea are given. There are the first records of Aedemonini and Camarotini, and genera Limalophus and Cenocephalus in Baltic amber. Keywords: Coleoptera; Curculionoidea; fossil weevil; new taxa; keys; Palaeogene 1. Introduction The Curculionoidea are one of the largest and most diverse groups of beetles, including more than 62,000 species [1] comprising 11 families [2,3]. They have a complex morphological structure [2–7], ecological confinement, and diverse trophic links [1], which makes them a convenient group for characterizing modern and fossil biocenoses. The oldest Curculionoidea are described from the Middle Jurassic of China [8] and the Middle–Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan [2,8–12]. The major families appear in the Lower Cretaceous [2,13–17], while the major subfamilies occur in the Palaeogene [2,17]. The Eocene ambers of Europe with Curculionoidea include the Earliest Eocene Oise amber and Late Eocene Baltic and Rovno ambers. Oise amber Coleoptera were first studied by Kirejtshuk and Nel [18], while the first weevil from Oise amber was described in the Brentidae [19]. In 2019, a review of weevils of the families Brentidae and Curculionidae from Oise amber was published [20]. The first Curculionoidea from Baltic amber was Hylesinites electrinus Germar, 1813 (Scolytidae) [21]. The second species from Baltic amber was described by Motschulsky in 1857 [22]. Unfortunately, it is not possible to establish a more accurate systematic position of Erirhinoides cariniger Motschulsky, 1857 based on its brief description [22], and the collection where the holotype was stored was lost. A review of Baltic amber bark beetles was given by Schedl [23], which is still the only general work on Baltic amber bark beetles. Voss [24,25] and Zherikhin [26] described many weevils from Baltic amber in three articles [24–26]; later, 15 species were also described [27–37]. In 2012, the present author began a study of the Curculionoidea in Baltic amber [2,38–53] and described 48 species. Data on Curculionoidea are also given in general works devoted to amber [54–58], catalogs [59,60], and descriptions in scientific collections [61–63]. The curculionoid fauna from Eocene Rovno amber represented by three families, despite recent work [64–73], remains insufficiently studied. Geosciences 2020, 10, 16; doi:10.3390/geosciences10010016 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2020, 10, 16 2 of 77 This review summarizes all previous information about Curculionoidea from Eocene amber, provides keys for currently described species from Eocene amber, comments on the identification of taxa, and also describes new taxa. 2. Materials and Methods The Baltic amber mines are located along the Baltic Sea coast mostly at the Amber quarry of Yantarny (former Palmnicken) near Kaliningrad in the Kaliningrad Region (Russia). Baltic amber from the Prussian Formation dates 34–48 million years old [74]. The amber from this deposit was probably produced by Pinus succinifera, Cerdus, Pseudolarix (Pinaceae), Agathis (Araucariaceae), Sciadopitys (Sciadopityaceae) (Sadowski et al. 2016) [75–79], or other trees. Rovno amber is found in the Rovno Region (Ukraine) [80]. The amber dates the Late Eocene (Priabonian) [80,81]. The plant producing this amber is possibly the same as Baltic amber. The Oise amber deposit is located near the town of Creil at a place known as “Le Quesnoy” (Paris Basin, Creil, Oise, France). The age of this site was estimated as Lowermost Eocene (about 53 Ma) [82]. The amber-producing tree is Aulacoxylon sparnacense (Combretaceae or Caesalpiniaceae), which could be related to extant Terminalia L. (Combretaceae) or Fabaceae–Caesalpiniaceae [83]. The type specimens and material considered below are housed in the following collections: (ABCD) A. Bukejs’s collection, Daugavpils, Latvia; (ANSP) Department of Entomology, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, United States of America (USA); (CAGB) A. Górski’s collection, Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (CCMCL) Centre de Conservation du musée des confluences, Lyon, France; (CVGM) V.Gusakov’s collection, Russia, Moscow; (CVIA) V.Alekseev’s collection, Kaliningrad, Russia; (EIW) Earth Institute, Warsaw, Poland; (FEH) Friedhelm Eichmann, Hannover, Germany; (FKCH) F. Kernegger’s collection, Hamburg, Germany, deposited in the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (GMPB)Górno´sl˛askieMuzeum Przyrodnicze w Bytomiu, Poland; (GPIH) Center of Natural History (formerly Geological–Paleontological Institute and Museum), Hamburg, Germany; (GPIHG) C. Gröhn’s collection (Glinde, Germany) deposited in the Center of Natural History (formerly Geological–Paleontological Institute and Museum), Hamburg, Germany; (HCH) Ch. and H. W. Hoffeins’s collection, Hamburg, Germany; (ISEA) A. Legalov’s fossil insects collection maintained at Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia; (KRAM) Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum, Kaliningrad, Russia; (MAIG) Museum of Amber Inclusions, University of Gda´nsk,Poland; (MLUH) Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany; (MNHN) Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, France; (MWOK) Museum of the World Ocean, Kaliningrad, Russia; (PACO) Poinar amber collection maintained at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; (PIN) Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; (SDEI) Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany; (SFNF) Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt, Germany; (SIZK) Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; (SMNK) Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany; (SMNS) Staatlichen Museums für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany; (ZMHB) Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany; (ZMUC) Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Descriptions and photographs were produced using Leica and Zeiss Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscopes. Photographs 1a–1d, 1f–1i, 2a–2i, 3a, 3d–3g, 4a–4h, 4j, 5a–5j, 6a–6c, 6i–6m, 7a–7f, 7h–7k, 8a–8k, 9a–9f, 10a–10i, 11a, 11d, 11e, 11h–11j, and 12a–12i were taken by the author, while photographs 1e, 3b, 3c, 3h, 4i, 6d–6g, 7g, 11b, 11c, 11f, 13c, and 13g were received from Ulrich Kotthoff and Eva Vinx (Germany: Hamburg), photographs 5k, 5l, and 6h were received from Didier Berthet (Lyon), photographs 7h, 8d, and 11g were received from Katarzyna Szczepaniak (Poland: Warsaw). Geosciences 2020, 10, 16 3 of 77 The spectra of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of some samples were examined with the assistance of N.A. Maslov (Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS) to confirm their origin. Taxa known from amber from references without author examination are included in square brackets whose identity should be clarified by further re-examination. The systematics of studied taxa are from Legalov’s works [2,3,84–88]. The terminology of weevil morphological structures is based on Lawrence et al. [89]. Nomenclatural acts introduced in the present work are registered in ZooBank (www.zoobank.org) under LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: AF69581E-33D5-4EEB-9B71-60945570065B. 3. Results Superfamily Curculionoidea Latreille, 1802 Key to families of superfamily Curculionoidea in Eocene amber 1. Head ventrally with pregular sutures. Rostral pleurostomal sinus shallow. Rostrum reduced. Tibiae with denticles on outer margin :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .. 2 —Head ventrally lacking pregular sutures. Rostral pleurostomal sinus usually deep; as exception, it can be shallow (Nemonychidae, Attelabidae). Rostrum distinct. Tibiae lacking denticles on outer margin ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2. Pregular sutures parallel to exterior margin of hypostomal sinus. Tibiae with denticles on outer margin. Head narrower than pronotum. Tarsomere 1 shorter than tarsomeres 2–5 combined. Club with sutures :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Scolytidae —Pregular sutures