University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 2014 Tynommatidae, n. stat., a family of western North American millipeds: Hypotheses on origins and affinities; tribal elevations; rediagnoses of Diactis Loomis, 1937, and Florea and Caliactis, both Shelley, 1996; and description of D. hedini, n. sp. (Callipodida: Schizopetalidea) Rowland M. Shelley North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, [email protected] Casey H. Richart San Diego State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Shelley, Rowland M. and Richart, Casey H., "Tynommatidae, n. stat., a family of western North American millipeds: Hypotheses on origins and affinities; tribal elevations; rediagnoses of Diactis Loomis, 1937, and Florea and Caliactis, both Shelley, 1996; and description of D. hedini, n. sp. (Callipodida: Schizopetalidea)" (2014). Insecta Mundi. 845. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/845 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics 0340 Tynommatidae, n. stat., a family of western North American millipeds: Hypotheses on origins and affi nities; tribal elevations; rediagnoses of Diactis Loomis, 1937, and Florea and Caliactis, both Shelley, 1996; and description of D. hedini, n. sp. (Callipodida: Schizopetalidea) Rowland M. Shelley Research Laboratory North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences MSC #1626 Raleigh, NC 27699-1626 U.S.A. Casey H. Richart Biology Department San Diego State University San Diego, CA 92182-4614 U.S.A. Date of Issue: January 31, 2014 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Rowland M. Shelley and Casey H. Richart Tynommatidae, n. stat., a family of western North American millipeds: Hypotheses on origins and affi nities; tribal elevations; rediagnoses of Diactis Loomis, 1937, and Florea and Caliactis, both Shelley, 1996; and description of D. hedini, n. sp. (Callipo- dida: Schizopetalidea) Insecta Mundi 0340: 1-19 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FAE960F6-2EE4-4D9B-95C7-395EC8E99790 Published in 2014 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P. O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, and natural history. 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Florida Virtual Campus: http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/insectamundi University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/ Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main: http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2010/14363/ Author instructions available on the Insecta Mundi page at: http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/insectamundi/ Copyright held by the author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons, Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/ 0340: 1–19 2014 Tynommatidae, n. stat., a family of western North American millipeds: Hypotheses on origins and affi nities; tribal elevations; rediagnoses of Diactis Loomis, 1937, and Florea and Caliactis, both Shelley, 1996; and description of D. hedini, n. sp. (Callipodida: Schizopetalidea) Rowland M. Shelley Research Laboratory North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences MSC #1626 Raleigh, NC 27699-1626 U.S.A. [email protected] Casey H. Richart Biology Department San Diego State University San Diego, CA 92182-4614 U.S.A. [email protected] Abstract. Tynommatidae, n. stat., elevated from Tynommatinae, is established as a schizopetalidean family en- compassing the western North American callipodidans previously assigned to the Mediterranean Schizopetalidae. It is considered a valid taxon despite somewhat anatomically dissimilar subfamilies, and Colactidinae, Texophoni- nae, Diactidinae, and Aspidiophoninae constitute tribal elevations and additional new statuses. With a subbasal telopodal prefemoral process, Diactis hedini, n. sp., requires rediagnoses of all three diactidine genera, Diactis Loomis, 1937, and Florea and Caliactis, both by Shelley, 1996, and suggests that telopodal branches ‘B’ in con- geners and Florea represent distal relocations of the process along the stem. Similarities in the sizes and shapes of the pleurotergal carinae suggest a sister-group relationship with the other, and partly sympatric, New World family, Abacionidae, which is supported by gonopodal similarities between Colactidinae and Abacion Rafi nesque, 1820. The Western Interior Seaway of the Cretaceous Period, Mesozoic Era, ~141–66 million years ago, appears to have fueled divergence by isolating “proto-abacionid stock” in “Appalachia,” the Eastern North American land mass, which has subsequently spread well into previously inundated areas. The allopatric position of Texopho- ninae, on the Gulf Coast of south Texas around 1,136 km (710 mi) east of the most proximate familial records, is attributed to this waterway, which eradicated faunal linkages with “proto-Tynommatidae” in “Laramidia,” the Western North American land mass. Texophoninae probably survived the Cretaceous on insular refugia; however, it is rarely encountered anymore and seems destined for imminent extinction. Representatives of the east-Asian families, Caspiopetalidae, Paracortinidae, and Sinocallipodidae, also possess demarcated pleurotergal crests and, implausible though it seems, may share ancestry with the North American taxa vis-à-vis the “Asiamerica” and or “Boreotropic” concepts. Key words: Aspidiophoninae, Colactidinae, Cretaceous, Diactidinae, pleurotergal carinae/crests, prefemoral process, process ‘B’, Texophoninae, Tynommatidae/inae/ini. Introduction On a California fi eld trip in March 2012, RMS visited San Diego during a severe storm that precluded collecting, so CHR transported him to San Diego State University to examine milliped samples amassed over several years by Marshal Hedin in the Biology Department. The holdings were a bonanza, contain- ing far more than one could collect in weeks, among which was a diactidine callipodidan male with a gonopodal prefemoral process. At that time, the only genus with this structure was Caliactis Shelley, 1996, but examinations showed that the milliped constitutes a new species of Diactis Loomis, 1937, and that telopodal branch ‘B’ in other diactidines apparently represents relocations of the prefemoral 1 2 • INSECTA MUNDI 0340, January 2014 SHELLEY AND RICHART process to distal positions on the telopodal stems. Diactis hedini, n. sp., is thus the “missing link” that appears to reveal the nature of branch ‘B’, and we therefore rediagnose all three diactidine genera. Beyond these accounts and insight on process ‘B’ looms the issue of the familial, subfamilial, and tribal assignments of western North American callipodidans,