+ + ISSNISSN 0970-5260 0970-5260 Panjab University Research Journal (Arts) Volume XLVII No 2 July-December 2020 Volume XLVI No 2 July-December 2019 Editor-in-Chief Editor Krishna Mohan Anju Suri Panjab University Chandigarh (India) + + Patron: Vice-Chancellor, Professor Raj Kumar Editor-in-Chief, Krishna Mohan, Professor , Department of Geography Editor, Anju Suri, Professor, Department of History Editorial Board Prof. Sanjay Chaturvedi, Department of Political Science Prof. M.Ravilochan, Department of History Prof. Archana R. Singh, Department of Mass Communication Prof. Deepti Gupta, Department of English & Cultural Studies Prof. Meena Sehgal, Department of Psychology Prof. Smita Bhutani, Department of Geography Prof. Asha Moudgil, Department of Philosophy Shri Jatinder Moudgil (Technical Production Advisor), Manager, Panjab University Press Advisory Board: Prof. M.M.Puri, Former Vice-Chancellor, Panjab University Prof. (Emeritus) Gopal Krishan, Department og Geography Prof. Romila Thapar, Professor Emeritus of History, Centre for Historical Studies, School of Social Sciences,JNU, New Delhi Prof. Roger Wettenhall, Professor Emeritus in Public Administration and Visiting Professor, ANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of Canberra ACT, Australia Prof. Paul Giles, Oxford University, UK Dr. Pramod, Director, Institute for Development and Communication(IDC), Chandigarh Prof. Makarand R.Paranjape, Professor, Department of English, School of SLLCS, JNU, New Delhi -110067 Professor Paramjit Singh Judge, Department of Sociology, GNDU, Amritsar Prof. P.Vinod, Dean Central University, Hyderabad Prof. R.K.Mishra, Director, Institute of Public Enterprise, O U Campus,Hyderabad Dr. Rammanohar Reddy, Former Editor, Economic and Political Weekly Prof. M.P.Bhardwaj, 744, Sector 12, Panchkula Prof. S.L.Sharma, 739, Sector 2, Panchkula Office Staff Rajni Bala Office Panjab University Research Journal(Arts) Department of Public Administration,Arts Block-III Panjab University,Chandigarh -160014 Web: purja.puchd.ac.in and Email: [email protected] Copyright 2020:Panjab University Research Journal (Arts) It is hereby asserted that all the rights with respect to the material published in this journal are vested in the publisher. Therefore, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system or translated, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Inquiries regarding reproduction in any manner, in whole or part, in English or any other language may be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Panjab University Research Journal(Arts). However, the Editor-in-Chief takes no personal responsibility for the facts, opinions or views expressed in the articles published in this Journal. PURJA is a liberal journal and often publishes opinions and views of the writers that are not strictly in consonance with those of its editorial policies. Panjab University Research Journal (Arts) Volume XLVII No 2 July-December 2020 Editor-in-Chief Editor Krishna Mohan Anju Suri Panjab University Chandigarh (India) Contents Sr. No. Article Author(s) Page 1. Expanding the Empire in North- Maninderjit Singh 1-9 West Frontier : Diplomacy, Jaskaran Singh Treaties, Battles and Annexation of Punjab 2. Naga Indigenous Religions: Loina Shohe 10-27 Reconstructing its Nomenclature 3. The National Education Policy, Bharat 28-37 2020: Thrust on Entrepreneurship 4. Seeing Things and Wondering: Purbayan Jha 38-46 A Wittgensteinian Outlook 5. Work Segregation Among Social Shuchi Kapuria 47-61 Groups in Rural Punjab 6. Imagining the Silenced and Mandeep Sanehi 62-69 Otherised in Alka Saraogi’s Yubee Gill Kali-Katha : Via Bypass 7. Progress of Doctoral Research Reshma Rana Verma 70-92 in Library and Information Science (LIS) in India : Space- Time Analysis 8. Emotional Competence and Shabir Ahmad Malik 93-103 Marital Adjustment among Childless Women Panjab University Research Journal (Arts) XLVII : 1-9 (December, 2020) ISSN: 0970-52601 Expanding the Empire in North-West Frontier: Diplomacy, Treaties, Battles and Annexation of Punjab MANINDERJIT SINGH JASKARAN SINGH WARAICH Abstract This paper attempts to explore and highlight the British Empire’s manoeuvres from establishing diplomatic relations to annexation of Punjab in realpolitik of defending and expanding the empire to secure the natural frontier of Indian Sub-continent- North West Frontier of Punjab (1800-1849 C.E).After firmly establishing themselves at three port cities, the British expanded inwards from these centres to encash the political instability in the Indian Sub-continent. This expansion brought them to left bank of River Yamuna, south-eastern borders of Punjab. But for their further expansion, they had to tackle Sikh rulers of Punjab who had emerged as regional power centres through diplomacy and force. Moreover, the paper argues that the British annexed Punjab under the geostrategic garb of countering Russia’s ambitious and expansive foothold towards the British controlled South Asian territories. This incorporation of Punjab territories was a conspicuous and contradictory deviation from their earlier policy. Key words: North-West Frontier, Cis-Sutlej States, treaty of Amritsar, treaty of Lahore, Chillianwala Introduction Punjab being incorporated to the British Indian Empire, which was considered to be a jewel of the British crown, is a part of the eventful saga of establishing the British Empire over the Indian subcontinent. The British came to India as traders in the first decade of 17th century under the banner of East India Company1 and established themselves at three principal port cities- Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. They started to expand their rule inwards from these centres and not only eliminated the fellow European competitors but also subdued the native rulers and eventually created a British Indian Empire on the Indian subcontinent (Rawlinson 19). However, all these victories brought with them the spectre of colonial anxieties and imperial vulnerabilities that often translated into defensive and offensive policies. They had to continuously “reassure and assuage” their sense of insecurities (Condos 11). The biggest source of anxiety for the British was the defence of North-West Frontier of Punjab (also referred as natural and scientific frontier in the British narratives) through which the British could visualise a potential invasion of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. In the early 19th century, the British had apprehensions that French and Russian rulers in collaboration with Persian and Afghan Kings could invade the British India. Punjab, along with Sindh, was one of the remaining regions left in proximity to latter external powers on western and north-western 1 East India Company was ruling the Indian Sub-continent before 1858. Later, it was brought under the direct rule of Crown. Date of Submission: 12-5-2020 Date of Review: 16-1-2021 Date of Acceptance: 2-2-2021 2 EXPANDING THE EMPIRE IN NORTH-WEST FRONTIER: DIPLOMACY, TREATIES, BATTLES AND ANNEXATION OF PUNJAB frontier to be incorporated into the British Indian Empire. Punjab, though landlocked region, had a geo-strategic, geo-economic, and geo-political implications on the security of sub-continent. It had few passes that connects the South Asia to Central Asia such as Khyber, Gomal, Tochi, Peiwar, Kurram, etc. Generally through these passes traders of Punjab and sub-continent moved their merchandise into Afghanistan, Persia and so on. However, these passes were also become a source of invasion for Greek, Persian, Afghan and Central Asian rulers. So, Punjab was an important region for the British like previous imperial rulers of India, being a gateway of offence from arid Central Asian region through the north-western passes like Khyber Pass. Securing the Empire at Sutlej: Diplomacy in Action and Treaty of Amritsar British manoeuvres in the North Western Frontier area amplified with the Tipu Sultan machinations to persuade Zaman Shah and Napoleon to attack the British India. The threat from Tipu Sultan vanquished with his demise in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War whereas of Zaman Shah with his dethronement in 1801 (Lyall 194). Being alarmed by these intrigues, the British began to focus on the happenings around the North-West frontier region and vied to establish political relations with regional rulers to safeguard themselves from any possible attacks. British opened up diplomatic missions with the Persian court and succeeded in getting an assurance regarding the security of its western border from any potential Franco-Persian invasion (Bilgrami 19-20). They sent Munshi Yusaf Ali Khan to the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh toestablishinitial contact between the Lahore Kingdom and the British (Chhabra 79) (Singh 12). With all these diplomatic counter-manoeuvres, the British successfully secured their Indian Empire far away from their dominions and extended their sphere of influence too. In mainland India, the British continued their expansion and reached at left bank of river Yamuna by annexing territories of native rulers. Nawab of Awadh lost his major chunk of territories through acceptance of subsidiary alliance in 1801. Maratha Chiefs like Peshwa, Bhonsle, and Scindia too surrendered territories in aftermath of their defeat in the Second Anglo-Maratha war (1802-1805) and accepted this alliance. During this war in 1805, a Maratha ruler Jaswant Rao Holkar crossed Sutlej to seek Maharaja Ranjit Singh help against