Case 1:20-cv-00143-LAS Document 7-1 Filed 05/26/20 Page 1 of 35 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes, Case No. 20-143 L Judge Loren A. Smith Plaintiff, v. United States, Defendant. MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF UNITED STATES’ MOTION TO DISMISS PRERAK SHAH Deputy Assistant Attorney General KRISTOFOR R. SWANSON (Colo. Bar No. 39378) Senior Attorney Natural Resources Section Envt. & Natural Resources Div. U.S. Department of Justice P.O. Box 7611 Washington, DC 20044-7611 Tel: (202) 305-0248 Fax: (202) 305-0506 [email protected] Date: May 26, 2020 Case 1:20-cv-00143-LAS Document 7-1 Filed 05/26/20 Page 2 of 35 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Factual and Legal Background ........................................................................... 2 I. The “Bad Men” Clause ..................................................................... 2 II. The Tribe’s Opioid-Related Litigation. ........................................... 5 Standard of Review .............................................................................................. 9 Argument............................................................................................................ 10 I. The Tribe Is Not a Valid Plaintiff. ................................................ 10 A. The “Bad Men” Clause Created an Individual Right, Not a Tribal One .................................................................. 11 B. The Tribe Does Not Have Standing to Litigate, as “Bad Men” Claims, the Alleged Harms to its Members or to the Tribe Itself. .................................................................... 12 II. The Complaint’s Allegations Do Not Satisfy the Necessary Elements for a “Bad Men” Claim .................................................. 16 III. Even if the Tribe Had a Potentially-Cognizable “Bad Men” Claim, the Case Should Be Dismissed for Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies .............................................................. 20 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 26 i Case 1:20-cv-00143-LAS Document 7-1 Filed 05/26/20 Page 3 of 35 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases A&D Auto Sales, Inc. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1142 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ........................................................................ 9 Ace Property & Cas. Ins. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 175 (2004) ..................................................................................... 24 Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico, ex rel., Barez, 458 U.S. 592 (1982) .................................................................................. 14, 15 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) .......................................................................................... 9 Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes v. Montana, 568 F. Supp. 269 (D. Mont. 1983) .................................................................. 15 Banks v. U.S. Marshals Serv., No. 15-cv-127, 2016 WL 1394354 (W.D. Pa. Feb. 16, 2016) ......................... 17 Basset, New Mexico LLC v. United States, 136 Fed. Cl. 81 (2018) ....................................................................................... 9 Begay v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. 599 (1979) ......................................................................... 22, 23, 24 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) .......................................................................................... 9 Bowen v. Massachusetts, 487 U.S. 879 (1988) ........................................................................................ 24 Brown v. United States, 32 Ct. Cl. 432 (1897) ......................................................................................... 3 Burlington N. Ry. Co. v. United States, 752 F.2d 627 (Fed. Cir. 1985) ........................................................................ 20 Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr. v. Watkins, 11 F.3d 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1993) ........................................................................ 10 Chemehuevi Indian Tribe v. McMahon, 934 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2019) ........................................................................ 15 Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes of Okla. v. Oklahoma, 618 F.2d 665 (10th Cir. 1980) ........................................................................ 18 ii Case 1:20-cv-00143-LAS Document 7-1 Filed 05/26/20 Page 4 of 35 Elk v. United States, (Elk I), 70 Fed. Cl. 405 (2006) ........................................................................ 25 Elk v. United States, (Elk II), 87 Fed. Cl. 70 (2009) .......................................................................... 4 Garreaux v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 726 (2007) ........................................................................... 4, 17, 19 Gov’t of Manitoba v. Bernhardt, 923 F.3d 173 (D.C. Cir. 2019) ........................................................................ 14 Harrison v. United States, No. 15-1271 C, 2016 WL 3606066 (Fed. Cl. June 30, 2016) ......................... 23 Hebah v. United States, (Hebah I), 428 F.2d 1334 (Ct. Cl. 1970) ................................................... 11, 12 Hebah v. United States, (Hebah II), 456 F.2d 696 (Ct. Cl. 1972) ......................................................... 13 Hernandez v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 454 (2019) ................................................................................... 17 Hernandez v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 200 (2010) ..................................................................................... 17 Herrera v. United States, 39 Fed. Cl. 419 (1997) ..................................................................................... 17 Janis v. United States, 32 Ct. Cl. 407 (1897) ............................................................................... 4, 5, 16 Jones v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 490 (2015) ............................................................................. 12, 25 Jones v. United States, 846 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ...................................................... 4, 16, 17, 18 Kickapoo Tribe of Okla. v. Lujan, 728 F. Supp. 791 (D.D.C. 1990) ..................................................................... 15 Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125 (2004) ........................................................................................ 13 Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731 (1947) ........................................................................................ 10 iii Case 1:20-cv-00143-LAS Document 7-1 Filed 05/26/20 Page 5 of 35 Lexmark Intern., Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118 (2014) ........................................................................................ 15 Lindsay v. United States, 295 F.3d 1252 (Fed. Cir. 2002) ........................................................................ 9 Lins v. United States, 688 F.2d 784 (Ct. Cl. 1982) ............................................................................ 21 Maine Yankee Atomic Power Corp. v. United States, 225 F.3d 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2000) ...................................................................... 21 Massachusetts v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007) ........................................................................................ 14 Massachusetts v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447 (1923) ........................................................................................ 14 McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140 (1992) .............................................................................. 9, 21, 24 Medellin v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008) ........................................................................................ 11 Moncrief v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl. 276 (1999) ..................................................................................... 25 Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41 (1938) .......................................................................................... 20 Mylan Pharm., Inc. v. Research Corp. Tech., Inc., 914 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2019) ...................................................................... 15 Nevada v. Burford, 918 F.2d 854 (9th Cir. 1990) .......................................................................... 14 Pablo v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 376 (2011) ..................................................................................... 17 Paiute Nation v. United States, 10 Cl. Ct. 401 (1986) ....................................................................................... 14 Richard v. United States, 677 F.3d 1141 (Fed. Cir. 2012) ...................................................................... 11 Rocovich v. United States, 933 F.2d 991 (1991) ........................................................................................ 10 iv Case 1:20-cv-00143-LAS Document 7-1 Filed 05/26/20 Page 6 of 35 South Carolina v. North Carolina, 558 U.S. 256 (2010) ........................................................................................ 14 South Corp. v. United States, 690 F.2d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1982) ...................................................................... 12 Starr Int’l Co. v. United States, 856 F.3d 953 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ........................................................................ 13 Terry v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 645 (2012) ..................................................................................... 9 Tsosie v. United