Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 44 The World Bank Gender Analysis of Aquaculture Value Chain in Northeast Vietnam and Nigeria Agriculture & Rural Development Department Atdhe Veliu World Bank Nebiyeluel Gessese 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Catherine Ragasa http://www.worldbank.org/rural Christine Okali Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 44 Gender Analysis of Aquaculture Value Chain in Northeast Vietnam and Nigeria Atdhe Veliu Nebiyeluel Gessese Catherine Ragasa Christine Okali 000_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd0_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd i 112/9/092/9/09 11:56:22:56:22 PPMM © 2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org/rural E-mail [email protected] All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 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Cover photo: Atdhe Veliu - woman farmer transporting inputs to a family shrimp farm, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam. 000_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd0_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd iiii 112/9/092/9/09 11:56:24:56:24 PPMM Gender Analysis of Aquaculture Value Chain in Northeast Vietnam and Nigeria Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................vi LIST OF BOXES ..................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................. viii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................ix Executive Summary ..................................................................................................x 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.1 Learning from Past and Ongoing Gender-Responsive Programs ....... 3 2. Objective of the Study .....................................................................................8 3. Methodology ......................................................................................................9 3.1 Integrated Value Chain Analysis ...............................................................9 3.2 Selection of Products .................................................................................10 3.3 Interview Methodology ............................................................................10 Stage 1: Exploratory Phase ...........................................................................10 Stage 2: Emerging Issues ..............................................................................11 Stage 3: Validation Process ...........................................................................11 4. Value Chain Analysis and Gender Dimension in Shrimp Aquaculture in Vietnam ................................................................................ 12 4.1 Background .................................................................................................12 4.1.1 Aquaculture Production in Vietnam ...................................................14 4.1.2 Aquaculture Policy Environment ........................................................17 4.1.3 Market Structure and the Supply Chain .............................................21 4.1.4 Gender Aspects of the Supply Chain ...................................................23 4.2 Integrated Value Chain Analyses ............................................................26 4.2.1 Study Area ...........................................................................................26 4.2.2 Shrimp Hatcheries ...............................................................................27 4.2.3 Shrimp and Fish Farming.................................................................... 34 4.2.4 Fish Marketing and Processing ...........................................................72 4.3 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................78 5. Value Chain Analysis and Gender Dimension in Catfish Aquaculture in Nigeria ..................................................................................82 5.1 Background .................................................................................................82 5.1.1 Aquaculture Production in Nigeria .....................................................83 5.1.2 Aquaculture Policy Environment at National and Lagos State Levels .....85 5.1.3 Gender Policy and Strategies in Nigeria .............................................90 iii 000_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd0_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd iiiiii 112/9/092/9/09 11:56:24:56:24 PPMM Agriculture and Rural Development 5.2 Integrated Value Chain Analyses ............................................................90 5.2.1 Study Area ...........................................................................................90 5.2.2 Catfish Hatcheries ................................................................................91 5.2.3 Catfish Nursery.................................................................................... 94 5.2.4 Catfish Farming ...................................................................................97 5.2.5 Catfish Marketing ..............................................................................110 5.2.6 Catfish Processing ..............................................................................112 5.3 Conclusions and Recommendations .....................................................116 Annexes Annex 1. Summary of Key Aquaculture Sector Policies in Vietnam ....... 119 Annex 2. Summary of Key Issues Related to Gender in Aquaculture in Northeast Vietnam ..............................................124 Annex 3. Government Organizational Structure in Lagos State, Nigeria ..............................................................................................129 References ............................................................................................................130 Endnotes ............................................................................................................132 List of Tables Table 1 Key Characteristics of the Aquaculture Sectors of Northeast Vietnam and Nigeria.........................................................................xv Table 4.1 Aquaculture Production Volumes, Vietnam, 1996–2006 .............15 Table 4.2 Leading Aquaculture Producers, 1996–2006 .................................16 Table 4.3 Aquaculture Farming Area by Culture, Vietnam, 2000–2006 .....16 Table 4.4 Number of Farms by Activity and Region, Vietnam, 2005 .........17 Table 4.5 Profile of Fishery Enterprises, Vietnam, 2001 ...............................25 Table 4.6 Study Area Profile .............................................................................27 Table 4.7 Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry Enterprises, Study Area and Vietnam, 2005..............................................................................28 Table 4.8 Gender Representation in the Hatcheries Workforce, Quang Ninh........................................................................................30 Table 4.9 Aquaculture Sector Profile, Quang Ninh, Vietnam, 2007 ...........35 Table 4.10 Average Feed Sales Prices and Trade Margins, Quang Ninh .....39 Table 4.11 Household Economic Profile of an Aquaculture Farmer in Northeast Vietnam.............................................................................45 Table 4.12 Health Care and Education Spending Profile, Rural Aquaculture Household, Northeast Vietnam, 2007............................................. 46 iv 000_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd0_Gender_&_Aquaculture_fm_i-xx.indd iivv 112/9/092/9/09 11:56:24:56:24 PPMM Gender Analysis of Aquaculture Value Chain in Northeast Vietnam and Nigeria Table 4.13 Value Chain for Smallholder