AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN ILOILO, PHILIPPINES AND THE TIGUM- AGANAN WATERSHED FEBRUARY 2013 This publication is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Engility Corporation in collaboration with Stratus Consulting and Environmental Law Institute (ELI). This report has been prepared for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), under the Climate Change Resilient Development Task Order No. AID-OAA-TO-11-00040, under The Integrated Water and Coastal Resources Management Indefinite Quantity Contract (WATER IQC II) Contract No. AID-EPP-I-00-04-00024. Engility Corporation Contact: Glen Anderson, Chief of Party, [email protected] Engility Corporation 1320 Braddock Place Alexandria, VA 22314 Cover Photo: Family harvesting bamboo in Philippines: Jason Vogel, Stratus Consulting Inc. AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN ILOILO, PHILIPPINES AND THE TIGUM-AGANAN WATERSHED February 2013 Prepared for: USAID/Philippines under The Water II IQC Climate Change Resilient Development Task Order IQC Contract No. AID-EPP-I-00-04-00024 Task Order No. AID-OAA-TO-11-00040 Prepared by: Jason M. Vogel, Stratus Consulting Inc. Joel B. Smith, Stratus Consulting Inc. Phillip E. Brown, Independent consultant, Engility Jessica Troell, Environmental Law Institute Aaron Ray, Stratus Consulting Inc. DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ······························································································· VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ·············································································· IX 1. INTRODUCTION ················································································ 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Case Study Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Assessment Methodology ................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Roadmap ................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. THE ILOILO CONTEXT ······································································· 3 2.1 Development Objectives and the Economy .................................................................................. 4 2.2 Iloilo Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Management of Water Resources in Metro Iloilo ........................................................................ 6 2.3.1 Too Little Water in Metro Iloilo ...................................................................................................... 6 2.3.2 Degraded Water in Metro Iloilo ....................................................................................................... 8 2.3.3 Too Much Water in Metro Iloilo ...................................................................................................... 9 3. STRESSES ON WATER SECURITY ······················································ 11 3.1 Non-climate Stressors ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Climate Stressors ............................................................................................................................... 13 4. WATER GOVERNANCE ····································································· 15 5. PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTATION FOR ILOILO ······································· 18 6. OPTIONS FOR IMPROVING WATER SECURITY ·································· 19 6.1 Evaluate Resources............................................................................................................................. 22 A. Develop a Long-term Water Security and Climate Change Monitoring Program ............ 22 B. Evaluate and Enhance Groundwater Data for the Metro Iloilo Area .................................... 23 6.2 Improve Knowledge Management .................................................................................................. 25 A. Enhance Monitoring Network for Supply, Quality, and Flooding ........................................... 25 B. Develop an Information Clearinghouse for All Water-related Data in Metro Iloilo and the TAW ............................................................................................................................. 27 C. Develop Capacity for Information-based Management Decisions among Municipal and Provincial Resource Managers .............................................................................. 29 6.3 Augment Water Supplies .................................................................................................................. 30 A. Community-based Options .............................................................................................................. 30 B. MIWD Options.................................................................................................................................... 35 AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN ILOILO, PHILIPPINES AND THE TIGUM-AGANAN WATERSHED V 6.4 Improve Water Quality and Sanitation ......................................................................................... 37 A. Evaluate Point-of-Use Source Water Treatment for Near-term Potable Water Provision ................................................................................................................................................ 38 B. Improve Compliance and Enforcement Capacity to Achieve Water Quality Goals ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 C. Develop a Sanitation Information and Education Campaign .................................................... 40 D. Analyze Metro Iloilo Options for Addressing Wastewater ..................................................... 41 6.5 Reduce Flood Risks ............................................................................................................................ 42 A. Promote Enhanced Land Use Planning For Water Security .................................................... 43 B. Investigate Improvement of Flood Early Warning Systems in Metro Iloilo and the TAW ............................................................................................................................................... 43 C. Analyze Capacity of Iloilo’s Flood Management System to Cope with Potentially Enhanced Floods under Climate Change ...................................................................................... 45 6.6 Reform Sector Governance ............................................................................................................. 47 A. Improve Water Sector Accountability and Coordination ........................................................ 47 B. Build Civil Society Capacity to Advocate for Water Security ................................................. 49 C. Analyze Options for Public/Private Partnerships in Support of Water Security ................ 50 6.7 Demonstrate Cross-cutting Solutions ........................................................................................... 51 A. Conduct an Urban and Rural Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Study for Metro Iloilo and the TAW ......................................................................................................... 51 B. Develop a Case Study of Lessons Learned at SM Mall Applicable to Commercial Development of Old Airport ........................................................................................................... 53 7. SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION OPTIONS ············································· 56 REFERENCES ······························································································ 59 AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN VI ILOILO, PHILIPPINES AND THE TIGUM-AGANAN WATERSHED ACRONYMS ARG Automated rain gauges AWIS Annotated Water Integrity Scan CBOs Community-based organizations CDI USAID/Philippines City Development Initiative CIMS Chesapeake Information Management System CLTS Community-led total sanitation CLUPs Comprehensive Land Use Plans DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways E3 USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and the Environment ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation GCC Global Climate Change GIS Geographic Information System HEC-RAS U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System IBWQMA Iloilo-Batiano Water Quality Management Area INECE International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre IRDC Iloilo River Development Council IRRs Implementing rules and regulations IT Information technology