DOCUMENT RESUME ED 415 172 SO 028 329 AUTHOR Icolari, Ellen TITLE The New South Africa: A Major Power in Transition. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1996 (South Africa). INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 53p.; Some materials may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *African Studies; *Apartheid; Black Studies; Foreign Countries; Global Education; Instructional Materials; Interdisciplinary Approach; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Peace; *Racial Discrimination; *Racial Segregation; Social Studies; Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS *South Africa ABSTRACT This interdisciplinary and multi-modal curriculum unit provides a context for studying South Africa in grades 5-12. Three aspects of the post-apartheid Republic of South Africa are highlighted, including: (1) "Revisiting the Past": a brief history of South Africa's political and social climate;(2) "Beginning the Transformation": an overview of the Reconstruction and Development Plan; and (3)"The Future, A Brighter Day?": summaries of conversations with South African young people.(EH) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** THE NEW SOUTHAFRICA:. H Major Power inTransition Introduction: This curriculum module will highlight threeaspects of the post-apartheid Republic of South Africa. Revisiting The Past: A brief history of SouthAfrica's political and social cilmate. Beginning The Transformation: An overview ofthe Reconstruction and Development Plan. The Future, A Brighter Day? Summaries ofconversations with South African young people. Instructional Objectives: .To create a context for studying South Africain grades 5-12 .To learn about South Africa throughan interdisciplinary,multimodality N curriculum. cr) . To stimulate higher level thinking skills. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION 00 CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization N PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND originating it. DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL Minor changes have been made to C) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this 44eztr-t-_, document do not necessarily represent CD official OERI position or policy. BEST COPY AVAILABLE C/) TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 2 Prepared by: Ellen Icolari,November, 1996. Special Thanks to: My loving and supportivefamily. The Fulbright-Hays SeminarsAbroad Program. The African AmericanInstitute. Reuisitinq the Past: SOUTH AFRICA,"THE WORLD IN ONECOUNTRY" It would be impossible to understand the significance ofSouth Africa's current status and condition withoutbriefly revisiting its past.We begin with a snapshot of prehistoric South Africa,and move quickly into theone era that defines today's South Africa, the arrivalof European settlers. Beforewe delve into recent history, however, let's considersome prehistoric events that provide backgroundfor what the Europeans encounteredwhen they landed along theSouth African coast. South Africa's social historydates back approximatelythree million years. Fossils of Australopithecus, the anthropologicalmissing link betweenape and man, have been found in severalSouth African locations. Laterexplorations of remote caves, barren rocky highlands,and river beds, have uncoveredfurther evidence of early human life in South Africa.Evidence of Homo Astralopithecus,a distant relative of Homo sapiens anda later evolving species, Homo habilis, hasbeen found near Sterkfontein. Homo habilisis believed to have beenone of the earliest human inventors of stone tools. Thereis also evidence of the controlleduse of fire at some excavations as earlyas 1 1/2 million years ago. The oldest knownremains of anatomically modernman have been found at the mouth of the KlasiesRiver on the border between KwaZulu Natal and Swaziland.Their descendants became the hunter-gatherer San,or Bushmen, who lived in parts ofsoutwestern Africa 10,000 years ago. Over time the originalSan people were killed off,or absorbed, by other groups they encounteredas a result of their nomadic lifestyle. One suchgroup was the pastoral Khoikhoi,who are believed to havemigrated into southern Africa from what isnow Botswana, to the north. Their soledependence on cattle and fixed migratory practices leftthen very vulnerable to droughts,deseases, and European settlers' demand farland. Archaeologists believethat Bantu speakinggroups like the Tswana and Sotho-speaking people establishedIron Age communities in the Transvaal and northernNatal 1,500 yearsago. They domesticated animals, cultivated crops of grain and vegetables, andlived in settled communities. By the mid-14th century thesecommunities began to expandinto Ivhat later became the western Transvaal andOrange Free State. At thesame time, Nguni-speaking people began movingsouth and west into the EasternCape. A shortage of fresh water sources made all of these groups dependent on adequaterainfall for the survival of their crops and livestock. These smallgroups of early inhabitants lived inwell organized, politically and economicallyautonomous chiefdoms,a stivation that depended ona delicate balance between population size andavailable resources. Since the arrival and settlement of Europeansthe nation of South Africahas been riddled with strugglesof one group against another, strugglesover territory, natural resources, and power. kohandla ModnaROMANNwun ZIMBAB limn' GABORONE MariborWong rto Dana pa tmanstwo Van Zy lams reyvilleWV=ST . rine/ MBABAN Ppte.,APUT Fish Rivet tas.IKamm. Pill Retie St Lucia Canaan ati warnLou, BMA,. OrangeAlaan tar un BoyHalton&.MatsVioo p Writ Mkt Flow. .tonalOPP ugh,.BERLEY Molt',burg Richardsubatuba Bay °Slap nabobHopp Ate. moist ordain Camannt artsodMargatePertBM:piton' all Vt.New. John'swore CitiesTownsLEGEND 0rv, Murray GlomSecondaryMainNational RoadsRoads Routes Roses West CoptVredenburwoo* NattonslSaldonh OpMalmo Pod eorP ThanLITTLE ILS ASTMeman's LONDON Sayco,. Inlemetionat Boundanes CAPE TOWN'.Tar. iO affray PORTIra InaELIZABETHPort Alfred 44" GameRiversRiovincial & a Dams Boum:lanesNature Reserves 'earn. Caps of Good HootSlmon's Pastore IleCop Tow SWIM CPO gaTp.M 01ay01111 Ppz::,7V... ta PorkSol ansdeapN Orwo p.BEST COPYVAILABLE tfrPt 7 BRIEF HISTORYOF SOUTH AFRICA Mid 16th Century Portugese traders and shipwreck survivors returned to Europe with stories of rich agricultural land and 1795 prosperous African chiefdoms. Ndebele Empire Individualistic, independent TreckboersMzilikazi, a former Zulu general left By 1600 rebelled against the rulingDutch Natal after a dispute with Shaka authorities in the Cape. Theydeclared Zulu and founded the Ndebele Southern Nguni clans incorporate a free republic. Empire in the northern Transvaal. neighboring tribes into larger The Dutch East India Co. political units. was liquidated British forces took controlof the Cape. By the 1830's April 6, 1652 Late 18th Century Overcrowding lead to clashes between Jan van Riebeck and 90 women, the Xhosa and European settlersin children and men, representing the population expansion in Natal leads the northern Transvaal. to disputes, betweenchiefdoms,over Dutch East India Co. Arrived at trade routes. Table Bay, Capetown to establish 1834 a supply station and safe haven for 1802-1806 British abolished slavery in So.Africa traders traveling between Europe The Afrikaners (Boers)were angered. and Asia. Control of the Cape Colonyreturns to they needed slaves to work their the Dutch. fields 1657 1807 February 6, 1838 Nine former Dutch East India Co. Zulu king, Dingaane, betrayed a land British retake rule of theCape employees become farmers (Boers) use agreement he made with the leader growing grain and vegetables to meet 1814 of the Great Treck (Afrikaners migrating the increasing demand for food. north to avoid British rule) His warriors Holland cedes the Cape Colony to murdered them, and many of their Khoikhoi Britian, it becomes a Britishcolony. 15,000 followers. The Khoikhoi supplied the Boers with Language policy, legalsystems, meat. They were severely weakened currency, land tenure all changed. December 16, 1838 by a smallpox epedemic and forced to 500 Voortreckers defeated 10.00 Zulu's succum to the Boers pressure to give 1820-1824 at the Battle of Blood River. and took their up their land, grazing and water rights, Over 1.000 former British soldiers and land. The Afrikaners saw this as a sign and indenture themsevles as farm other colonists arrived at the Cape. from God that they had reached their laborers for the Boers. They were given basic tools and "Promised land." rations and sent to settle along the 1688 eastern frontier, on one side of a buffer 1834-1840 220 French Hugenots, fleeing religious zone that separated them from nearby The Great Treck opened up the So. African persecution, moved to the Cape area and Xhosa settlements. interior to European settlement. planted the trist South African vineyards. Afrikaners established the Boer Republic 1820-1825 of Natal. 1700's Refugees fleeing Zulu fragmented Germans and other Europpans arrived. Natal chiefdoms impinge on the 1842 They became Afrikaners (treckboers,) crops and livestock of southern British take control of Durban's harbor and livestock