Asociación de Investigación y Estudios Sociales The Political Culture of Democracy in Guatemala, 2004 VI Study on Democratic Values of Guatemalans Dinorah Azpuru, ASIES Juan Pablo Pira, Sample Design Max Eduardo Lucas, Field Work Coordinator Mitchell A. Seligson Scientfic Coordinator and Editor of the Series Vanderbilt University This publication was made possible through support provided by the USAID Missions in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Support was also provided by the Office of Regional Sustainable Development, Democracy and Human Rights Division, Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the Office of Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Task Order Contract No. AEP-I-12-99-00041-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i List of Tables and Figures........................................................................................................... iii List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................... iv Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... xi Support for Stable Democracy ................................................................................................................ xi Perceptions Regarding Corruption .........................................................................................................xii Rule of Law ...........................................................................................................................................xiii Local Government.................................................................................................................................. xv Electoral Behavior................................................................................................................................. xvi Social Capital........................................................................................................................................xvii Democratic Values and Lingering Authoritarianism............................................................................xvii Preface......................................................................................................................................... xix Prologue ...................................................................................................................................... xxi Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. xxv 1.0 The Context of the Country ....................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The Economic and Social Context ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 The political Context .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Key Moments in the Democratic Process ...................................................................................................6 1.3.2 The period Between the V and VI Study of Democratic Culture................................................................8 1.4 Other Research Studies on Guatemalan Political Culture ................................................................ 12 1.5 Previous Studies on the Democratic Values of Guatemalans........................................................... 13 2.0 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................15 2.1 Sample Design.................................................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Data analysis..................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Characteristics of the 2004 sample................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Cross-time Comparison of Samples ................................................................................................. 25 3.0 Support for Stable Democracy .............................................................................................27 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Guatemala in Comparative Perspective............................................................................................ 28 3.3 Results for the Year 2004 ................................................................................................................. 31 3.3.1 Support for the Political System................................................................................................................31 3.3.2 Political Tolerance ....................................................................................................................................35 3.3.3 Stable Democracy: Empirical Relation Between Tolerance and Support for the System .........................40 3.3.4 Support for the Political Community ........................................................................................................42 3.3.5 Extended System Support: Perspectives Regarding Democratic Institutions............................................45 3.4. Cross-Time Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 47 4.0 Corruption..............................................................................................................................51 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Guatemala in Comparative Perspective............................................................................................ 53 4.3 Results for the Year 2004 ................................................................................................................. 56 4.3.1 Perceptions Regarding Corruption ............................................................................................................56 The Political Culture of Democracy in Mexico, Central America, and Colombia, 2004: Guatemala i 4.3.2. Victimization by Corruption in 2004 .......................................................................................................58 4.3.3. The Impact of Corruption in Democratic Legitimacy ..............................................................................63 4.4 Cross-National Analysis of the Results............................................................................................ 65 5.0 Rule of Law.............................................................................................................................67 5.1 Introdution ........................................................................................................................................ 67 5.2 Guatemala in a Comparative Perspective......................................................................................... 67 5.3 Results for the Year 2004 ................................................................................................................. 72 5.3.1 Trust in the Justice System........................................................................................................................72 5.3.2 Freedom, Due Process and Participation...................................................................................................75 5.3.3 Common Crime: Dimensions and Impact .................................................................................................81 5.4 Cross-time Analysis.......................................................................................................................... 87 6.0 Local Government .................................................................................................................89 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 89 6.2 Guatemala in Comparative Perspective............................................................................................ 89 6.3 Results for the Year 2004 ................................................................................................................