LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 352.073 Ad2n Materials! The Minimum Fee for NOTICE: Return or renew all Library each Lost Book is $50.00. 1 for The person charging this material is responsible from which it was withdrawn its return to the library stamped below on or before the Latest Date for discipli- »...*iio*i/tn underlinlno ofv»i wwwbooks are reasons Theft, mutilation, anaand unaerimmy dismissal from the Universrty. nary kction and may reauK in 333-8400 To renew call Telephone Center, URBANA-CHAMPAIGN UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT ] AU6i)5l L161—O-1096 THE CITIZEN'S LIBRARY OF ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND SOCIOLOGY EDITED BY RICHARD T. ELY, Ph.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN NEWER IDEALS OF PEACE THE CITIZEN'S LIBRARY OF ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND SOCIOLOGY net. each j2mo Half Leather MONOPOLIES AND TRUSTS. By Richard T. Ely. Ph.D..LL.D THE ECONOMICS OF DISTRIBUTION. By John A. Hobson. IVORLD POLITICS. By Paul S. Reinsch. Ph.D.. LL.B. ECONOMIC CRISES. By Edward D. Jones. Ph.D. OUTLINES OF ECONOMICS. By Richard T. Ely. GOVERNMENT IN SWITZERLAND. By John Martin Vincent. Ph.D. ESSAYS ON THE MONETARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. By Charles J. Bullock, Ph.D. SOCIAL CONTROL. By Edward A. Ross. Ph.D. HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES. By Jesse Macy, LL.D. MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING AND SANITATION. By M. M. Baker, Ph.B. DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL ETHICS. By Jane Addams. LL.D. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. By Paul S. Reinsch. Ph.D.. LL.B. AMERICAN MUNICIPAL PROGRESS, By Charles Zueblin, B.D. IRRIGATION INSTITUTIONS. By Elwood Mead. C.E.. M.S. RAILWAY LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. By Bal- thasar H. Meyer, Ph.D. STUDIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY. By Richard T. Ely. Ph.D., LL. D. THE AMERICAN CITY. By Delos F. Wilcox. Ph.D. MONEY. By David KiNLEY, Ph.D. THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIOLOGY. By. Edward A. Ross. THE ELEMENTS OF SOCIOLOGY. By Frank W. Blackmar, Ph.D. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION. By Paul S. Reinsch. Ph.D.. LL.B AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. By Henry C. Taylor. M.S. Agr., Ph.D. SOME ETHICAL GAINS THROUGH LEGISLATION. By Flor- ence Kelley. INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ORGANIZATION. By Samuel E. Sparling, Ph.D. THE NEWER IDEALS OF PEACE. By Jane Addams, LL.D. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK THE CITIZEN'S LIBRARY Newer Ideals of Peace BY JANE ADDAMS Hull-House, Chicago, Author of Democracy AND Social Ethics/' etc. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1906 All rights reserved Copyrighted 1906 By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up, electrotyped. Printed December, 1906 THE MASON-HENRY PRESS Syracuse. New York TO AND 208624 PREFATORY NOTE These studies in the gradual development of the moral substitutes for war have been made in the industrial quarter of a cosmopolitan city where the morality exhibits marked social and interna- tional aspects. Parts of two chapters have been published be- fore in the form of addresses, and two others as articles in the North American Review and in the American Journal of Sociology, All of them however are held together by a conviction that has been maturing through many years. Hull-House, Chicago. vii CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introduction Newer ideals of peace are dynamic; if made opera- tive will do away with war as a natural process 3 Of the older ideals the appeal to pity is dogmatic . 4 The appeal to the sense of prudence also dogmatic and at this moment seems impotent ... 5 Outlook for universal peace by international arbitra- tion 6 im- I Primitive and profound impulses operate against pulse to war . 8 Appeal to pity and prudence unnecessary if the cos- mopolitan interest in human affairs is utilized . 9 Social morality originates in social affections . ii Emotion determines social relations in the poorer quarters of a cosmopolitan city .... 13 New immigrants develop phenomenal powers of as- sociation 14 Their ideal of government includes kindliness as well as protection ,15 ^ Crowded city quarters the focal point of governmental progress • • 16 Life at these points must shape itself with reference to the demands of social justice .... 17 Simple foundations laid there for an international order 18 Ideals formed "in the depth of anonymous life" make for realization 20 Impulses toward .compassionate conduct imperative . 21 The internationalism of good wiU foreseen by the philosopher . ... 23 ix CONTENTS A quickening concern for human welfare; inter- national aspects illustrated by world-wide efforts to eradicate tuberculosis, first signs of the sub- ' stitution of nurture for warfare . • 25 This substitution will be a natural process ... 26 Our very hope for it, a surrender to the ideals of the humble 27 Accounting must be taken between survivals of mili- tarism and manifestations of newer humanitarian- ism .28 Tendency to idealization marked eighteenth-century humanitarian 29 Newer ideals of this century sustained only by knowledge and companionship . 30 CHAPTER II Survivals of Militarism in City Government American Republic founded under the influence of doctrinaire eighteenth-century ideals. Failure in municipal administration largely due to their in- adequacy 31 ( Modern substitutes of the evolutionary conception of progress for eighteenth-century idealism 32 Failure of adjustment between the old form of gov- ernment and present condition results in rever- sion to military and legal type . 34 National governmental machinery provides no vehicle for organized expression of popular will . 35 Historic governments dependent upon force of arms 36 Founders placed too exclusive a value upon the principles defended by the War of the Revolu- tion. Example ' of the overestimation of the • spoils of war . • S7 Immigration problem an illustration of the failure f to treaj; our growing Republic in a spirit of pro- gressive and developing democracy 39 Present immigration due partly to the philosophic dogmas of the eighteenth-century. Theory of naturalization still rests upon those dogmas , * 40 X CONTENTS No adequate formulization of newer philosophy al- though immigration situation has become much more industrial than political . , ^42 "^'^^ Exploitation of immigrants carried on under guise of preparation for citizenship 46 Failure to develop a government fitted to varied . peoples 48 Attitude of contempt for immigrant survival of a spirit of conqueror toward inferior people . 49 Contempt reflected by children toward immigrant parents ^50 Universal franchise implies a recognition of social needs and ideals . 52 Difficulties of administering repressive government in a democracy ^4 The attempt inevitably develops the corrupt politician as a friend of the vicious 56 He must be followed by successive reformers who represent the righteous and protect tax interests 57 Illustration from the point of view of humble people 58 Dramatic see-saw must continue until we attain the ideals of an evolutionary democracy ... 59 Community divided into repressive and repressed,. representing conqueror and conquered . T 60 CHAPTER HI Failure to Utilize Immigrants in City Gk)VERNMENT Democratic governments must reckon with the un- successful if only because they represent majority of citizens 52 To demand protection from unsuccessful is to fail in self-government '63 Study of immigrants might develop result in revived ^ / enthusiasm for human possibilities reacting upon « ideals of government 64 Social resources of immigrants wasted through want / of recognition ' of old habits . 6$ xi CONTENTS Illustrated by South Italians' ability to combine com- munity life with agricultural occupations, which -66 is disregarded Anglo-Saxon distrust of experiments with land tenure and taxation illustrated by Doukhobors . 67 life 69/^ Immigrant's contribution to city . Military ideals blind statesmen to connection between social life and government . • ' /^^ first Corrupt politician who sees the connection often \ ^7i friend of immigrant Real statesmen would work out scheme of natural- 7^ ization founded upon social needs . for Intelligent co-operation of immigrants necessary advancing social legislation 74 Daily experience of immigrants not to be ignored as basis of patriotism ' ^ Lack of cosmopolitan standard widens gulf between 7^ immigrant parents and children . relation Government is developing most rapidly in its and de- ^ to the young criminal and to the poor ^ 79 pendent » • • Denver Juvenile Court is significant in its attitude toward repressive government .... 81 Good education in reform schools indicates compunc- ^3 tion on the part of the State . Government functions extended to care of defectives and dependents • 84 8$ Ignores normal needs of every citizen . • Socialists would meet the needs of workingmen by socialized legislation, but refuse to deal with the • ^ present state • • At present radical changes must come from forces ^ j/ outside life of the people . • • ^ Imperial governments are now concerning themselves with primitive essential needs of workingmen . ^ . .90 Republics restrict functions of the government . Is America, in clinging to eighteenth-century tradi- / 9i tions, losing its belief in the average man? . y xii CONTENTS CHAPTER IV Militarism and Industrial Legislation American cities slow to consider immigration in re- lation to industry . • 93 Working-men alone must regard them in relation to industrial situations . • 94 Assimilation of immigrants by workingman due both to economic pressure and to idealism ... 95 Illustrated by Stock Yards Strike .... 96 And by the strike in Anthracite Coal Fields , . 97 In the latter aroused public opinion forced Federal Government to deal with industrial conditions . 98 In complicated modern society not always easy to see where social order lies loi Chicago Stock Yards Strike illustrates such a situa- tion . .104 Government should have gained the enthusiasm im- migrants gave to union . , . .107 . 109 War element an essential part of strike ^ Appeal to loyalty the nearest approach to a moral appeal Reluctance of United States Government to recognize matters of industry as germane to government . 112 Resulting neglect of civic duty ii3 The working-man's attitude toward war as expressed by his international organization .