UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS Programa de Doctorado en Estudios Artísticos, Literarios y de la Cultura Ph.D. Dissertation From the Periphery to the Canon: Detective Fiction in Spain Through the Works of García Pavón, Cain, Vázquez Montalbán and Thompson. An Application of Polysystem Theories of Translation. By: Isabel Palomo Merino Directed by: Dr. Javier Ortiz García, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, 2017 Dissertation Abstract – Universidad Autónoma de Madrid From the Periphery to the Canon: Detective Fiction in Spain Through the Works of García Pavón, Cain, Vázquez Montalbán and Thompson. An Application of Polysystem Theories of Translation. Isabel Palomo Merino Directed by: Dr. Javier Ortiz García, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, 2017 Detective fiction has become one of the most popular genres in our present times; but why and how did detective fiction become so popular in Spain? This dissertation studies the development of the genre of detective fiction in Spain, written both by Spanish writers and as translations from American authors, framed within the historical period that extends from the Franco Regime up to our present days. It was during the dictatorship that translations of foreign detective fiction started to reach the country and a sense of collective imagination on the topic began to be created, influenced also by the movie adaptations that reached Spain, by the numerous pseudotranslations, and by journals like El Caso. The foreign model of detective fiction was adopted by national writers who re- created it within a new context: classic detective fiction influenced the work of Francisco García Pavón, and hardboiled detective fiction –analyzed through the works of James M. Cain and Jim Thompson in a descriptive analysis of excerpts of their translations as part of our hypothesis- was the reference for Manuel Vázquez Montalbán’s series. Censorship was one of the elements common to all these writers, and its influence over the genre’s development is hereby assessed, as well as in relation to each author. In this dissertation it is claimed that translation was the innovative force that brought the genre of detective fiction into the Spanish Polysystem: the genre remained at the periphery of the system upon its arrival, but slowly and progressively has moved away from that position into a central canonical one, resulting in a literary boom of detective fiction. Keywords: Detective Fiction, Hardboiled Detective Fiction, Polysystem Theories, Translation Theory, Francisco García Pavón, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Jim Thompson, James M. Cain, Censorship, Spanish Literature, Canon, Translation Studies. Resumen Tesis Doctoral – Universidad Autónoma de Madrid From the Periphery to the Canon: Detective Fiction in Spain Through the Works of García Pavón, Cain, Vázquez Montalbán and Thompson. An Application of Polysystem Theories of Translation. Isabel Palomo Merino Directed by: Dr. Javier Ortiz García, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, 2017 El género policíaco se ha convertido en uno de los más populares en la literatura contemporánea, pero ¿cómo y por qué es este un género tan relevante en España? La presente tesis doctoral estudia el desarrollo del género policíaco y negro en España, escrito por escritores nacionales, y mediante traducciones de autores estadounidenses, comprendiendo el periodo que se extiende desde el Régimen franquista hasta nuestros días. Precisamente fue durante la dictadura cuando comenzaron a llegar al país traducciones de novelas de género policíaco y, de esta manera, se empezó a crear un imaginario colectivo en torno al género, con ayuda de adaptaciones cinematográficas extranjeras y numerosas pseudotraducciones, así como periódicos como El Caso. Varios escritores nacionales adoptaron el modelo extranjero del género policíaco y negro, recreándolo en un nuevo contexto: Francisco García Pavón tomó el modelo policíaco clásico como referente y, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán por su parte, lo hizo con el hardboiled –que en esta tesis analizamos en un estudio descriptivo de las traducciones de la obra de James M. Cain y Jim Thompson como parte de nuestra hipótesis respecto al desarrollo del género en términos de polisistema-. La censura fue un elemento al que todos estos autores tuvieron que hacer frente y, por tanto, en esta tesis se examina su influencia sobre el desarrollo del género en el país, así como en referencia a cada uno de los autores. Esta tesis doctoral afirma que la traducción fue la fuerza innovadora que introdujo el género policíaco y negro en el polisistema literario español y que su desarrollo en el país ha seguido los parámetros de la Teoría de los Polisistemas: el género inicialmente permaneció en la periferia del sistema y, de una manera progresiva, se ha ido moviendo de la periferia al canon, resultando en un boom literario que persiste hasta nuestros días. Palabras clave: Novela policíaca, novela negra, traducción, Teoría de los Polisistemas, Teoría de la traducción, Francisco García Pavón, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Jim Thompson, James M. Cain, censura franquista, literatura española, canon. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter One ............................................................................................................ 14 Framework: Spanish Context and Polysystem Theories ................................................ 14 1.1 Socio-historical Overview of Post Civil War Spain: Franco and Censorship ................... 18 1.2 Detective Fiction in Spain as a Publishing Phenomenon ................................................ 27 1.3 Overview of Translation Theories ................................................................................... 34 1.3.1 Polysystem Theories ................................................................................................... 52 Chapter Two. ........................................................................................................... 55 Crime in the Heart of Spain: Francisco García Pavón .................................................... 55 2.1 How did a Guy from La Mancha Begin to Write a Detective Fiction Saga? Pseudotranslations, Cinema and the Press.................................................................................. 58 2.2 A Detective Somewhere in La Mancha: Francisco García Pavón ........................................... 79 2.3 Francisco García Pavón and his Detective Plinio. .................................................................. 89 2.4 Censorship of García Pavón ................................................................................................. 104 2.5 Francisco García Pavón and the Censorship of his Other Works......................................... 111 Chapter Three ....................................................................................................... 116 Hardboiled Translations: James M. Cain ................................................................... 116 3.1 Life and Works of James M. Cain ......................................................................................... 122 3.2 The Translation and Censorship of James M. Cain in Spain................................................. 126 3.3 Censorship of Movie Adaptations of James M. Cain ........................................................... 134 3.4 The Case of Detective Fiction and Polysystem Theories: An Approximation to the Translations of James M. Cain. .................................................................................................. 142 3.4.1 Case Study I: Translation of James M. Cain’s Double Indemnity ............................... 145 3.4.2 Case Study II: Translation of James M. Cain’s The Postman Always Rings Twice .... 158 Chapter Four ......................................................................................................... 170 Challenging Franco’s Regime through Hardboiled Detective Fiction: Manuel Vázquez Montalbán - Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going? ............... 170 4.1 Manuel Vázquez Montalbán: A Spanish Hardboiled Detective ........................................... 176 4.2 Hardboiled Detective Fiction and its Political Implications. ................................................ 187 4.2.1 From the Periphery to the Center of the Spanish Literary Polysystem. ....................... 192 4.3 Censorship of Vázquez Montalbán ...................................................................................... 199 4.3.1 The Case of the Censorship of Tatuaje ......................................................................... 210 Chapter Five .......................................................................................................... 220 Jim Thompson: Prophet in His Own Land .................................................................. 220 5.1 Who was Jim Thompson? .................................................................................................... 222 3 5.2 Thompson’s Reception and Censorship in Spain ................................................................. 229 5.3 Movie Adaptations of Jim Thompson’s Novels .................................................................... 237 5.4 The Case of Detective Fiction and Polysystem Theories: An Approximation to