o Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy, vol. 21, n 2 (82) June 2018 Understanding Human Consciousness: Theory and Application Maretha Prinsloo, PhD*i *Cognadev, UK “Consciousness implies awareness: subjective, phenomenal experience of internal and external worlds... Our views of reality, of the universe, of ourselves depend on consciousness. Consciousness defines our existence.” (Hameroff & Penrose, 2014, p. 39) Abstract Introduction: The study of consciousness attracts the attention of psychologists, philosophers and scientists. It is, however, mostly dealt with in a descriptive and speculative manner, without explaining the nature of the subjective experience and the dynamics involved. Objectives: This article aims to provide a brief overview of prominent philosophical, psychological, sociological and quantum physics perspectives on consciousness. The practical implications of consciousness theory are also addressed. Methods: Literature review. Results: From a social sciences point of view, Gebser’s Structure of Human Consciousness model, Clare Graves’s Spiral Dynamics (SD) model and Ken Wilber’s Integral AQAL model are briefly discussed to understand the concept of levels of consciousness and to differentiate between the developmental themes which characterise each of these levels. This is followed by a description of scientific theories and findings. Here the work of prominent philosophers of science, including Dennett and Laszlo, is briefly explored. Neurological and quantum physics discoveries, including the work of Bohm, Pribram, McTaggart, Hameroff and Penrose are referred to and the phenomenon of collective consciousness is explained in terms of the physics concepts of quantum nonlocality and entanglement. Next, the application of consciousness theory is addressed within the contexts of societal transformation, leadership, organisational development, organisational culture and education. Conclusions: The subject of consciousness thus remains deeply mysterious but of profound importance for the proliferation of life and our continued existence and growth. Keywords: Consciousness, Collective consciousness, Values, Valuing systems, Organisational culture, Leadership i Corresponding author: Maretha Prinsloo, www.cognadev.com. 51 o Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy, vol. 21, n 2 (82) June 2018 1. Introduction and progressive. The structures of consciousness find Consciousness is a complex phenomenon, a expression through various forms of economic pearl in the crown of evolution. It is man’s most powerful development, namely foraging, horticultural, agrarian, defence against meaninglessness, chaos and decline. No industrial and informational modes. wonder then that the topic has become the focus of According to Gebser, the Archaic epoch scholars across the physical-metaphysical divide. includes all structures of consciousness up to, and The study of consciousness largely attracts the including, the first hominids. The Magical epoch involves attention of psychologists and philosophers and is a relatively undifferentiated body and mind. Here, the therefore often dealt with in a descriptive and symbolic representation of reality becomes possible. speculative rather than an explanatory manner. The Although close to nature, there is little or no reverence for elusive nature of consciousness has, however, not the environment and immediate advantage is pursued. discouraged scientists, quantum physicists in particular, The collective identity of tribal kinship, from also peering into the void. Efforts at integrating however, progressed from being based on a common qualitative and quantitative research findings on ancestor to that of common rules, which leads to the consciousness have subsequently followed. emergence of mythology. During the Mythic epoch a This article is aimed at providing a brief transition from the tribal identity to an abstract identity overview of some interesting views of consciousness takes place. Gebser describes mythic membership as including philosophical, psychological, sociological, socio-centric or ethnocentric. The Mythic-rational spiritual and quantum physics perspectives. A number of structure is reflective of the rationality of concrete practical implications of the consciousness theories from operations (as also referred to by Piaget) where a social sciences perspective are also touched upon. thinking about thinking emerges. In transitioning from the mythical to the rational, the mythological is 2. Theory justified rationally. During this phase, the capability to 2.1. Social science perspectives of consciousness take different perspectives, formulate hypothetical Humans have always been intrigued by the possibilities and introspection become possible. The mystery of consciousness and the quest to understand it mythic-rational enables the emergence of a global, is as old as known human history itself. The following planetary consciousness. This global tendency is relatively recent theoretical contributions from expressed by extending a particular mythology to philosophy, sociology and psychology provide world-embracing dimensions via military power, for particularly useful perspectives of consciousness example. In the past this gave rise to the emergence of development. great empires such as those of the Incas and Romans. The rational justification of the mythologies of such 2.1.1. Jean Gebser (1905 – 1973): The structure of empires, also resulted in the emergence of rational human consciousness philosophy and science. Noteworthy in this regard is the work of the With Integral consciousness, dualism and Polish philosopher, linguist and poet, Jean Gebser, who categorical thinking give way to transparency. Here, the published The ever-present origin in 1945. In this book, distinct categories of past, present and future are he identified five major epochs in human evolution, each replaced by systemic thinking. Time is also viewed as anchored in a particular structure of consciousness. an indivisible whole. The whole and purpose thus These are the Archaic, the Magic, the Mythic, the become important. To Gebser, Integral consciousness Mental and the Integral epochs. transcends rationality and introduces a transpersonal As each consciousness structure emerges, it dimension. Gebser’s ideas find expression in the work also eventually becomes deficient. Gebser proposed that of various other consciousness theorists, including the transformation of consciousness involves structural Graves and Wilber. changes in body and mind that he refers to as mutations which are of a radical emergent nature - an idea also 2.1.2. Clare Graves (1914 – 1986): The Spiral reflected by the work of Graves (see below). Each of Dynamics (SD) model these structures of consciousness entails a specific In 1952 Graves came to the conclusion that he experience of space and time. The Mythical structure, “had it” with Psychology as it was, and that it was time to for example, experiences time as cyclical and rhythmic, order the fragmented chaos which characterised whereas for the Mental structure time is linear, directed psychological theories. He subsequently proposed an 52 o Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy, vol. 21, n 2 (82) June 2018 integrated framework aimed at guiding all further systems, and the sacrificial We or collectively oriented psychological research - a comprehensive biopsychosocial systems. In terms of development, external factors model of consciousness. His model reflected a close link normally push awareness towards the group-oriented between human neurological functioning, referred to as systems, while internal factors normally pull awareness capacities of mind or internal conditions, and the way in towards the expressive modes. At the lower levels of the which people learn and perceive their world, which pose spiral, in the A-N, B-O, C-P and D-Q levels, motivation the external life conditions. Consciousness development is is normally fear based; at the middle levels of the spiral, triggered by a dissonance between internal and external at the E-R and F-S levels, motivation takes on a broader conditions. emotional nature, whereas at levels of being at the high The Spiral Dynamics model which Graves end of the spectrum, the G–T and H-U systems, an proposed and referred to as the Emergent Cyclical integrative and transcendent orientation prevails. Levels of Existence Theory (ECLET), provides a The progression to higher levels of profound and elegant framework in terms of which consciousness involves moving from a state of self- human development can be understood. It is, however, preservation or survival (A-N); to one of in-group not unique as a variety of consciousness and belonging (B-O); to an egocentrically driven state of psychological development theorists came up with discovering own free will and power (C-P); to a moralistic comparable conceptualisations. Examples of such orientation in holding the space for others (D-Q); to one similar views of psychological development include the of self-empowerment in creating the future (E-R); to one work of Loevinger on ego states, Kohlberg on moral characterised by embracing complexity (F-S); to an development as well as Perry and Piaget on intellectual understanding of the dynamic whole (G-T); to a state of development, to mention but a few (see 2.1.4.). transcendence (H-U). Further states at increasingly higher According to Graves, humans respond to life level, can also emerge. The process may also be arrested conditions by developing certain adaptive