=================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 15:12 December2015 =================================================================== Deixis: A Pragmatics Analysis Muhammad Abdullah, Ph.D. Scholar ============================================================ Abstract Deixis owns a significant place in the study of pragmatics. Present study discusses deixis comparatively with reference to Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996) in terms of its clarification of concepts, appropriate exemplification and coherent argumentation as propounded in their respective works on pragmatics. However, it is revealed through this discussion that the approach of Yule is quite precise and comprehensive as compared to Levinson. Keywords: deixis, pragmatics, analysis Introduction Levinson (1983) states that pragmatics is the scientific study of the relation between the structure of a semiotic system (notably language) and its usage in context, and along with semantics, forms part of the general theory of meaning. Inside the theory of meaning, pragmatics particularly deals with inherent meanings, presumptions and contextual interpretations: the method in which syntactical features of linguistic expressions operate on the background of presumption and inferences. Under the rubric of linguistics, pragmatics plays a significant part in general linguistic theory in part because: (a) it possesses significant intrinsic subject matter, (b) it promises explanations for other linguistic phenomena (although partial), and (c) it also emerges as a response to over-idealization in contemporary grammatical theory (although partial). Moreover, it has also emerged as a field of interdisciplinary concern, with basic aids from philosophy, psychology and sociology of language and linguistics like critical discourse analysis (CDA). According to Levinson the term ‘pragmatics’ in modern semiotics Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:12 December 2015 Muhammad Abdullah, Ph.D. Scholar Deixis: A Pragmatics Analysis 3 is adopted from the philosophical work of C. S. Peirce and R. Carnap as reflected in Morris (1938) three divisions of semiotics, the study of sign systems: 1) syntax, which probes signs to signs relationship, 2) semantics, which explores the relation between signs and things to which they refer, and 3) pragmatics, which investigates the relation between signs and their users. Since then, the term has been used in two broad perspectives: sociolinguistics and discourse analysis, along with a narrower use in terms of systematically context-dependent meanings. Topics like deixis, presupposition, speech acts, implicature, and conversational inference are central to pragmatics but in this study only deixis will be discussed in detail in the perspective of the concepts propounded by Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996). Discussion A Yiddish story (Levinson, 1983, p. 68): A melamed [Hebrew teacher] discovering that he had left his comfortable slippers back in the house, sent a student after them with a note for his wife. The note read: “Send me your slippers with this boy”. When the student asked why he had written “your” slippers, the melamed answered: “Yold! If I wrote ‘my’ slippers, she would read ‘my’ slippers and would send her slippers. What could I do with her slippers? So I wrote ‘your’ slippers, she'll read ‘your’ slippers and send me mine” Yule (1996) portrays deixis as technical term from Greek and states that it refers to ‘pointing’ in the linguistic expressions of interlocutors in the process of communication. The corresponding philosophical term indexicality can be referred to Latin. The phenomenon however depicts that some linguistic expressions logically need contextual interpretation in the process of communication. For example the utterance: ‘Carry this bag to house’ demands the contextual information to make out the accurate meaning: which bag is being referred to, and to which house it is to be carried. Levinson (1983) does not contradict with Yule’s concept of deixis and states that a linguistic expression can be very well tested as being deictic or not in terms of its truth or falsehood without taking the speaker, addressee, time or place of utterance into considerations: thus an utterances or statement ‘Dr Adulqadir Khan is a scientist’ represents a fact which can be either true or false, whereas another statement ‘He is a scientist’ depends on who the ‘He’ is: ‘He’ is a deictic expression. According to Yule (1996), deixis is one of the most fundamental elements we discuss in the perspective of contextual interpretation of an utterance. It also refers to pointation through language. Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:12 December 2015 Muhammad Abdullah, Ph.D. Scholar Deixis: A Pragmatics Analysis 4 Generally, deixis refers to the phenomenon in which meanings of some words and phrases in an utterance are comprehended through contextual information. The semantic meanings of certain deictic words are fixed but their denotational meanings differ in respect of time and/or place. In the first glance it looks an easy and simple phenomenon, but the junction of contextuality adhering to intangible emblematic representation through linguistic expressions results into profound philosophical and psychological intricacies as in English almost every utterance or statement is tensed, and tense is deictic. For instance ‘It is holiday’ where ‘is’ locates the reference in time (today). Deixis also helps to clarify a variance between the meaning of a sentence and thought analogous to its utterance. Deictic expressions are also known as indexicals. They are found among the early linguistic expressions of young children. Languages integrate deictic context-dependency in various places in their syntax and lexicon; however, Yule (1996) discusses the following three main types of deixis: (i) Person Deixis (ii) Spatial Deixis (iii) Temporal Deixis These will be briefly summarized here. Deictic expressions are those whose interpretations depend on the context, the speaker's intention and relative distance (Yule, 1996). For instance, in terms of context, interpretations of deictic expressions depend on speaker and hearer sharing same context or having their most basic use in face-to-face interaction. It is differentiated with two basic terms: proximal (near speaker) for example this, here, now and distal (away from speaker) i.e. that, there, then (Yule, 19976). In the perspective of person deixis (I, you, he) Yule furnishes the concept of deixis tripartite system: speaker (I), addressee (you), and other (he, she, it). The same is known as system of pronouns in different languages, as in English first person pronoun (I, we), second person pronoun (you) and third person pronoun (he, she, it). For sake of interpretation of a conversation with respect to these deictic expressions we need to realize that every interlocutor in a conversation shifts from being ‘I’ to being ‘You’ regularly. Spatial deixis are used to indicate the relative location of people and things. The concept of distance in the study of deixis is more relevant to spatial deixis. Yule also states that it is however, important to be aware of in the perspective of spatial deixis that setting of speaker’s point of Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:12 December 2015 Muhammad Abdullah, Ph.D. Scholar Deixis: A Pragmatics Analysis 5 view may be fixed psychologically as well as physically. Examples of spatial deixis from modern English are: here, there; come, go; bring, take; this, that etc. Example of the indication of movement towards/away from in old English is hither (to this place) or thence (from that place). Under temporal deixis, linguistic expressions depend for their interpretation on knowing the relevant utterance time (Yule, 1996), for instance, now: time coinciding with speaker utterance, then: past and future time relative to speaker's present time, yesterday, tomorrow, tonight, tomorrow, today: tense. The tense can be further exemplified like simple present as proximal (I work here) and simple past as distal (I worked there). Levinson (1983) generates a detailed discussion on deixis under the following two approaches: (i) Philosophical Approach (ii) Descriptive Approach (a) Person Deixis (b) Time Deixis (c) Place Deixis (d) Discourse Deixis (e) Social Deixis These will also be briefly discussed here. Philosophers usually prefer indexical (deictic) expressions or indexicals and deixis can be conveniently probed into by taking into consideration how certain usual linguistic expressions are dealt within truth- conditional semantics (Levinson, 1983). For instance the identification of the semantic content of a sentence, statement or utterance is carried out in the perspective of its truth conditions: the semantic content of ‘Hafsa is the daughter of Abdullah’ will be true in particular circumstances which determine that the individual known as ‘Hafsa’ is in fact identical to the individual who is the daughter of Abdullah. Levinson discusses this phenomenon in terms of complex structures of utterances in great detail. Under the rubric of descriptive approaches Levinson discusses five main types of deixis: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis as mentioned above. These are precisely discussed in the following lines to watch the Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:12 December 2015 Muhammad Abdullah, Ph.D.