Sectoral Study of Capacities of Frameworks, Key Stakeholders and Institutions for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Biodiversity and Agro-biodiversity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Submitted to GIZ-BKP Project December 2013 Legal Disclaimer Content GIZ reserves the right not to be responsible for the topicality, correctness, completeness or quality of the information provided. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the author. Liability claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided, including any kind of information which is incomplete or incorrect, will therefore be rejected. Referrals and links The author is not responsible for any contents linked or referred to from this report. If any damage occurs by the use of information presented there, only the author of the respective pages might be liable, not the one who has linked to these pages. i Contents 1. Introduction and Context 1 1.1. Ecological Context 1 1.2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2 1.2.1. Swat District 4 1.2.2. Chitral District 6 1.3. BKP Project 7 2. Policy and Legal Framework for COSMOB in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 10 2.1. The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 11 2.2. Policies and Strategies 12 2.2.1. Pakistan National Conservation Strategy, 1992 12 2.2.2. Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy, 1996 14 2.2.3. NWFP Forest Policy, 1999 16 2.2.4. Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, 2000 16 2.2.5. National Environment Policy, 2005 17 2.2.6. NWFP Agriculture Policy, 2005 18 2.2.7. NWFP Horticultural Policy, 2009 19 2.2.8. National Forest Policy, 2010 (Draft) 19 2.2.9. National Rangeland Policy, 2010 (Draft) 21 2.2.10. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Economic Growth Strategy, 2011 22 2.2.11. National Climate Change Policy, 2012 22 2.2.12. National Sustainable Development Strategy, 2012 23 2.2.13. National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, 2013 25 2.2.14. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Community Driven Local Development Policy, 2013 25 2.2.15. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agriculture Strategy and Policy, 2013 (Draft) 26 2.2.16. Pakistan’ Vision 2025 27 2.3. National Laws 27 2.3.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 27 2.3.2. CITES Act, 2012 28 2.3.3. Access Benefit Sharing Bill, 2012 (Draft) 28 2.4. Provincial Laws 29 2.4.1. West Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance, 1961 (amended in 1982 and 1991) 30 ii 2.4.2. Dir, Chitral and Swat (Administration) Regulation, 1969 30 2.4.3. North-West Frontier Province Wild-life (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1975 (amended in 1976 and 1984) 31 2.4.4. North-West Frontier Province Forest Development Corporation Ordinance, 1980 31 2.4.5. Hazara Forest (Amendment) Ordnance, 1997 31 2.4.6. North-West Frontier Province Forest Commission Act, 1999 (amended in 2005) 32 2.4.7. North-West Frontier Province Forest Ordinance, 2002 32 2.4.8. North-West Frontier Province River Protection Ordinance, 2002 33 2.4.9. Sharia Nizam-e-Adl Regulation, 2009 33 2.4.10. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Farm Services Centres Act, 2013 (Draft) 34 2.4.11. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act, 2013 34 2.5. National Reporting to CBD 36 3. Stakeholder Analysis for COSMOB in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 39 3.1. Climate Change Division 40 3.1.1. Biodiversity Directorate 42 3.1.2. National Council for Conservation of Wildlife 42 3.2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Planning and Development Department 42 3.3. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environment Department 44 3.3.1. Offices of the Chief Conservators of Forests 44 3.3.2. Office of the Chief Conservator of Wildlife 46 3.4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agriculture, Livestock and Cooperation Department 48 3.4.1. Agriculture Extension 50 3.4.2. Agriculture Research 51 3.4.3. Agricultural Engineering, Soil Conservation and On-Farm Water Management 52 3.4.4. Livestock and Dairy Development 53 3.4.5. Fisheries 54 3.5. District Government in Swat and Chitral 55 3.6. Other Public Sector Institutions 56 3.6.1. Economic Affairs Division 56 3.6.2. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council 56 3.6.3. Pakistan Science Foundation 57 3.7. Academia 57 iii 3.7.1. University of Agriculture, Peshawar 57 3.7.2. Pakistan Forest Institute 57 3.7.3. Centre of Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar 58 3.7.4. University of Swat 58 3.7.5. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Chitral Campus 59 3.8. Civil Society Organizations/Initiatives 59 3.8.1. Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation Pakistan 60 3.8.2. Aga Khan Rural Support Programme 60 3.8.3. Sarhad Rural Support Programme 60 3.8.4. Thrive/Chitral Integrated Area Development Programme 61 3.8.5. Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund 61 3.8.6. Mountains and Markets Project 61 3.8.7. MEAD/Entrepreneurs Project 62 3.9. Communities in Swat and Chitral 63 4. Capacity Gaps at Policy, Institutional and Personnel Level 65 4.1. Lack of overarching policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation 65 4.2. Ineffective implementation of existing laws 65 4.3. Conceptual contradictions about biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use 66 4.4. Lack of trust and coordination amongst relevant stakeholders 67 4.5. Non-competitive and non-incentivising public sector 68 4.6. Dearth of and inaccessibility to conservation knowledge 68 4.7. Lack of mass awareness about value of biodiversity 69 4.8. Inadequate human resource capacity 70 5. Fiscal Support for COSMOB in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 72 5.1. Public Sector Development Programme of Pakistan 72 5.2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Annual Development Programme 72 5.3. Fiscal Opportunities for COSMOB in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 76 5.3.1. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Comprehensive Development Strategy 2010-17 77 5.3.2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Medium Term Fiscal Framework 2013-16 79 5.3.3. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa District Governance and Community Development Programme 80 5.3.4. Multi Donor Trust Fund 80 5.3.5. Global Environment Facility 82 iv 5.3.6. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Development Fund 82 6. Perception about Capacities and Benchmarking 83 7. The Way Forward – Recommendations to Tackle the Challenges 87 7.1. General Recommendations 87 7.2. Specific Recommendations for BKP Project 89 7.3. Other Recommendations 92 Annexes I. Interview guide used for interviews II. List of key policy and legal instruments for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa III. Multilateral Environmental Agreements signed/ratified by Pakistan IV. Aichi Biodiversity Targets V. Membership of the Biodiversity Working Group VI. NGOs in Swat and Chitral (non-exhaustive list) VII. Recommendations from BKP Inception-cum-Planning Workshop 2013 VIII. List of key stakeholders and persons met IX. Bibliography v Acronyms and Abbreviations ADP Annual Development Programme AKRSP Aga Khan Rural Support Programme AUP Agriculture University Peshawar BAP Biodiversity Action Plan BKP GIZ’s Biodiversity Conservation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Project BWG Biodiversity Working Group CARAVAN Community Awareness Raising & Advocacy Ventures around Needs CBD [United Nations] Convention on Biological Diversity CBO s Community Based Organizations CCBs Citizen Community Boards CCD Climate Change Division CCF Chief Conservator of Forests CDLD Community Driven Local Development CDS Comprehensive Development Strategy CIADP Chitral Integrated Area Development Progra mme CLL Concurrent Legislative List COSMOB Conservation and Sustainable Management of Biodiversity CSOs Civil Society Organization s DDS District Development Strategy DfID [UK] Department for International Development DFO Divisional Forest Officer DG CDP [EU supported] District Governance and Community Development Programme EAD Economic Affairs Division EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FATA Federally Administered Tribal Area FDF [Khybe r Pakhtunkhwa] Forest Development Fund FFD Farmers Field Day FFS Farmer Field School FPA Foreign Project Assistance FSCs Farm Services Centres GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographical Information System Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internat ionale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German GIZ Society for International Cooperation) GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flooding GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa GoNWFP Government of North -Western Frontier Province vi GoP Government of Pakistan HDI Human Development I ndex HEC Higher Education Commission HUJRA Holistic Understanding for Justified Research and Action IC Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation Pakistan IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JFMCs Joint Fore st Management Committees JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau ([German] Reconstruction Credit Institute) KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LASOONA Society for Human and Natural Resource Development LDC Least Developed Cou ntries LSO s Local Support Organization s MACP Mountain Areas Conservancy Programme MAPs Medicinal and Aromatic Plants MDGs Millennium Development Goals MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements NARC National Agricultural Research Centre NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCCW National Council for Conservation of Wildlife NCS [Pakistan] National Conservation Strategy NRM Natural Resource Management NSDC National Sustainable Development Council NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategy NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products NWFP North -West ern Frontier Province O&M Operation and Maintenance OFWM On -Farm Water Management P&DD Planning and Development Department PARC Pakistan Agricultural Research Co uncil PATA Provincially Administered Tribal Areas PBSAP Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan PCNA Post Crisis Need Assessment PEPA ‘97 Pakistan Environmental